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糖尿病大血管病变

时间:2022-04-26 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:病史·患者女,54岁。因“突发左侧肢体无力2日”入院。有糖尿病史3年,平时不规则口服二甲双胍,血糖控制不详。加用二甲双胍控制血糖,2个月后患者复查TG 1.9mmol/L,TC 4.87mmol/L,LDL-C 3.11mmol/L,空腹血糖5.6mmol/L。危险因素的控制应全面,血糖、血脂的控制有协同作用。

病例六

病史·患者女,54岁。因“突发左侧肢体无力2日”入院。患者于2014年4月8日晚10时许正常入睡,上午起床时自觉左侧肢体轻度麻木、无力,予重视,至当日下午患者午睡起床时出现左侧肢体麻木加重,肢体完全不能活动,同时伴有口角歪斜、言语不清,但无明显头痛、头晕、视物不清等,遂拨打急救120至我院急诊神经内科就诊,头颅CT未见明显病灶,考虑急性脑梗死收治入院。发现血压偏高史5年,未正规诊治。有糖尿病史3年,平时不规则口服二甲双胍,血糖控制不详。有高脂血症和高脂血症家族史。

实验室及辅助检查·2014年4月9日头颅CT:未见明显异常。

2014年4月10日头颅MRI+MRA:右侧额叶、顶叶皮质下多发急性期梗死病灶,颅内动脉多发狭窄,右侧大脑中动脉M 1段约80%狭窄。右侧额顶叶灌注达峰时间、平均通过时间均较左侧轻度延长。2014年4月10日颈动脉超声:双侧颈动脉多发斑块,IMT 1.1mm。2014年4月12日心彩超:未见明显异常。2014年4月15日Holter:左室高电压,ST-T改变,未见房颤。2014年4月10日空腹血糖6.03mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白5.9%(高压液相法),TG 3.1mmol/L,TC 8.72mmol/L,LDL-C 6.1mmol/L。

治疗方案及经过·患者自急诊起开始服用阿司匹林300mg、瑞舒伐他汀10mg,至病房后瑞舒伐他汀加量至20mg,同时开展早期康复及对症支持治疗,住院10日后患者左侧肢体肌力恢复到Ⅲ级,出院后(阿司匹林100mg、瑞舒伐他汀20mg)转康复医院康复治疗。患者出院3个月后门诊随访,肢体肌力恢复至可自行行走,复查TG 2.1mmol/L,TC 6.12mmol/L,LDL-C 4.41mmol/L,空腹血糖6.6mmol/L,加用依泽麦布5mg,建议饮食控制加强运动。半年后随访,患者肢体肌力进一步好转,复查TG 2.0mmol/L,TC 5.67mmol/L,LDL-C 4.21mmol/L,空腹血糖6.5mmol/L,复查头颅MRI+MRA:与半年前相仿。加用二甲双胍控制血糖,2个月后患者复查TG 1.9mmol/L,TC 4.87mmol/L,LDL-C 3.11mmol/L,空腹血糖5.6mmol/L。此后患者血脂、血糖水平相对稳定。发病2年时复查头颅MRA:颅内多发陈旧性梗死灶,右侧大脑中动脉M 1段约80%狭窄;双侧灌注基本对称。

效果评估·患者的肢体功能恢复归因于自身恢复和康复锻炼。生活方式改善、高强度瑞舒伐他汀联合依泽麦布治疗3个月后LDL-C降低依然不能达标,颅内低灌注没有明显改善,在此基础上控制糖代谢异常2个月后LDL-C终达标,并逐步稳定动脉粥样硬化进展,改善了脑灌注。

应用体会·对于脑血管病二级预防而言,抗栓、降压和他汀治疗至关重要,并称为“三大基石”。明确为大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者应强化他汀治疗。危险因素的控制应全面,血糖、血脂的控制有协同作用。

(病例提供者:上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院神经内科林岩)

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