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在直接中的应用

时间:2022-04-12 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:直接PCI较一般择期PCI更复杂、更危险、更容易发生并发症。在直接PCI过程中,术者不仅要处理手术本身的问题,还要处理患者瞬息万变的病情,直接PCI如果失败,其病死率显著高于保守治疗方式。所以,对于直接PCI不仅要快,更要成功开通梗死相关冠脉。

对于急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的PCI治疗,其主要原则就是尽快开通梗死相关冠状动脉,现已成为大型心脏中心抢救AMI患者的首选方法。直接PCI较一般择期PCI更复杂、更危险、更容易发生并发症。在直接PCI过程中,术者不仅要处理手术本身的问题,还要处理患者瞬息万变的病情,直接PCI如果失败,其病死率显著高于保守治疗方式。所以,对于直接PCI不仅要快,更要成功开通梗死相关冠脉。

目前,PCI手术路径主要有3种:①股动脉,是最传统的,最经典的PCI路径;②肱动脉,虽然肱动脉路径较股动脉路径开展早5年以上,但其较股动脉细,且周围有正中神经、桡神经、尺神经走行,并发症多且严重,现已基本淘汰;③桡动脉,其并发症少,患者痛苦小,现已有逐渐替代股动脉传统路径的趋势。

1.经桡动脉直接PCI的优缺点(表6-8)

表6-8 TRI与TFI直接PCI优缺点比较

2.关于TRI在直接PCI中应用的临床研究 2003年,TEMPURA前瞻性研究表明经桡动脉通路行直接PCI,可显著减少穿刺部位的并发症和住院时间,而且手术时间、曝光时间、造影剂用量和近远期血管不良事件发生率等方面与股动脉通路相比无统计学差异。对于肥胖、合并高血压、接受糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂治疗等高出血风险的患者TRI较TFI出血并发症发生率更低。2005年,Kim JY等研究显示,AMI患者经桡动脉行直接PCI与经股动脉相比在梗死相关冠脉开通时间,手术时间等方面无统计学差异,但血管并发症(7%vs 16%)和住院时间上(5.3±2.6 vs 8.4±6.2)显著低于经股动脉途径。2007年,Cruden NL等回顾性分析了287例AMI行补救PCI的患者,结果发现TRI与TFI相比PCI成功率、住院期间病死率、手术时间、曝光量无统计学差异,但TRI使血管并发症显著减低,并缩短了患者的术后住院天数。2008年,Yan ZX等连续入选103例年龄≥65岁的老年AMI接受直接PCI的患者,分为TRI组57例,TFI组46例,对比两组的穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、手术时间、并发症、1个月MACE等,结果(表6-9)提示,老年AMI患者经桡动脉行直接PCI安全、有效,可显著缩短住院天数和穿刺点血管并发症。2009年,Ruzsa Z等对比了单中心2001-2006年5年来AMI患者经桡动脉与经股动脉两种途径行直接PCI的并发症发生率和临床结果。连续入选582例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者,其中43例由于心源性休克或补救PCI被除外,其余539例患者分为TRI组(n=167),TFI组(n=372),结果发现,TRI组有5%的患者改变入路,TFI组有0.8%的患者改变入路,(P<0.05);主要的血管并发症TRI组为0,TFI组为5%,次要的血管并发症TRI组为4%,TFI组为9%,TRI组均显著低于TFI组;1个月时MACE发生率TRI组(4%)也显著低于TFI组(11%);两组间器械耗材无统计学差异,提示,TRI在STEMI患者中同样安全、有效,且并发症少。

表6-9 65岁以上AMI患者TRI与TFI的比较

(高 陆 张 萍)

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