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适应”在颅脑创伤救治中的意义

时间:2022-03-19 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在MT 21转基因小鼠中脑缺血引起的神经元损伤较小,而在MT21/MT22敲除小鼠中缺血引起的损伤较严重,提示MT对神经元损伤有保护作用。缺血缺氧预适应对神经损伤有保护作用,但可操作性不强,且存在伦理问题。高压氧预适应的作用机制目前研究较少,只是处在初步推测阶段,缺乏针对其作用机制的实验研究。

创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)的治疗方法是人类不断摸索、总结和前进的结果,外科手术是治疗中、重型TBI无可替代的方法,可为损伤脑组织与神经的恢复及早期康复创造条件,因而TBI后及时正确地进行外科处理,其意义是不言而喻的。但TBI后已导致的结构和功能的缺失是无法手术重建的,也就导致TBI后诸多后遗症,因而决定了外科干预的间接性及有限性。因此,药物是治疗TBI重要的策略,也是对手术治疗的有力补充。目前已发展了多种TBI的治疗药物,但循证医学的证据表明尚无具有显著临床效果的药物,所以,人们开始将注意力转向颅脑自身内源性的保护和修复能力的挖掘上。预适应(preconditioning)和后适应(postconditioning)的研究,为这一问题的研究提供了重要的思路。

早在1986年Murry首次提出缺血预适应的概念,即反复短暂的缺血发作可以使心肌在后续的持续性缺血中得到保护,从而减少心肌梗死面积。后来的研究陆续发现缺血预适应同样存在于骨骼肌、脊髓、肺、肝、肾、胃、小肠等其他众多器官。因此,人们提出了“预适应”的概念,即认为在预先给予某种因素刺激其后产生对该因素的耐受性或适应性,它作为一种内源性保护现象已成为当前研究的热点,在生物界这是常见的现象,例如机体感染某种细菌或病毒后会产生对该感染的免疫力,而吸烟与饮酒后会产生对尼古丁与乙醇的耐受性等。1990年Kitagawa等发现,短暂轻微的脑缺血可以对1~7d或以后的再次严重的脑缺血产生部分保护作用,此现象被称为脑缺血耐受,而提前给予的短暂性缺血称为脑缺血预适应。在过去的十几年中针对脑缺血的预适应现象已进行了大量的实验研究,在分子水平上揭示脑缺血耐受的保护效应主要通过提高神经细胞对缺血的耐受能力,增强如腺苷、一氧化氮(NO)、降钙素基因相关肽、阿片肽、缓激肽和前列腺素等内源性具有保护作用的活性物质的活性,以及改变离子内环境、细胞膜的稳定性和细胞的兴奋性来获得。此外,缺血缺氧预处理还可以引起金属硫蛋白(MT 21、MT 22)的表达增加。金属硫蛋白是富含半胱氨酸的小分子,缺乏芳香族氨基酸,能对抗锌和自由基的毒性作用。在MT 21转基因小鼠中脑缺血引起的神经元损伤较小,而在MT21/MT22敲除小鼠中缺血引起的损伤较严重,提示MT对神经元损伤有保护作用。后来人们发现缺血预适应应用于其他非缺血性损伤中也产生保护作用,如应用于TBI也发现保护作用,在TBI前2天进行非致死性的、持续2min的脑缺血,可以增强动物对TBI的耐受作用,可以降低挫伤脑组织体积,降低CA3区域的死亡细胞数近63%。正如前述TBI后脑组织会出现明显的缺血缺氧/再灌注现象,所以,应用缺血预适应对TBI产生保护作用是可以理解的。

缺血缺氧预适应对神经损伤有保护作用,但可操作性不强,且存在伦理问题。因此人们思考既然缺血缺氧有保护作用,那么高压氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)预适应对脑损伤有无保护作用呢?最早HBO是用于缺血性脑损伤,1996年Wada等发现高压氧预适应对缺血性脑损伤有保护作用,他们把实验动物分成三组,HBO预适应一组(100%氧气,2个大气压,每次1h,隔天1次,连续5次,在阻断双侧颈总动脉前2d给予)、HBO预适应二组(100%氧气,2个大气压,每次1h,共1次,在阻断双侧颈总动脉前2d给予)和对照组(未给予任何处理),结果发现缺血再灌注后7dHBO预适应一组沙鼠海马CA1区的神经元数量(47.8/mm,54.9%正常值)明显比HBO预适应二组(21.7/mm,11.4%正常值)和对照组多(11.6/mm,8.0%正常值),具有统计学意义。Xiong等将30只SD大鼠分为HBO预适应一组(100%氧气,2.5个大气压,每次1h,每天1次,连续5d,在阻断大脑中动脉前1d给予)、HBO预适应二组(100%氧气,2.5个大气压,每次1h,每天1次,连续3d,在阻断大脑中动脉前1d给予)和对照组(未给予任何处理),然后将大脑中动脉阻塞2h,结果发现,HBO一组和HBO二组的神经功能都明显好于对照组,(P<0.001和0.05),梗死面积HBO一组和HBO二组也比对照组明显减小。那么HBO预适应对TBI有无保护作用?我们的研究表明HBO预适应可以降低TBI后细胞死亡数,减轻血脑屏障的损伤,降低脑水肿,脑皮质及脑干组织含水量明显降低,改善局部脑血流(rCBF)和脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)升高,从而改善TBI动物行为功能的恢复。进一步研究显示HBO预适应对TBI的保护作用可能和降低金属蛋白酶MMP-9及增加脑红蛋白(NGB)的表达有关。另外,研究尚发现高压氧预适应诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受,可能与bcl-2的表达和锰过氧化物歧化酶的产生有关。高压氧预适应的作用机制目前研究较少,只是处在初步推测阶段,缺乏针对其作用机制的实验研究。

虽然如此,预适应的操作性仍存在盲目性,因为无法预知哪些人会出现损伤,没有针对性,而最好的针对性是那些发病的患者,但已发作的患者又没有了预适应的机会。这个问题如何解决?近来有关“后适应(postconditioning)”的研究为这一问题的解决提供了全新的思路。早在20世纪80年代,有学者发现在心肌梗死后给予再通过程中,如果给梗死的冠脉予轻柔缓慢的再灌注,则比突然全通的再灌注的治疗效果好。后来Vinten-Johansen及其同事在2003年首次以充分的证据显示,发现在心肌缺血后再灌注的过程中,如果先灌注一会(如10~30s)再阻断缺血一会(如10~30s),如此反复5~10循环就可以产生明显的保护作用,这种后适应的保护效应可以取得与预适应同样的保护效果。上述结果显示在缺血损伤后的再灌注过程的前几分钟内是一个关键时期,对缺血性损伤的病情和预后具有重要的影响。并且,临床上有学者发现,在心肌急性梗死病人进行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)过程中,当责任血管再通后有意地应用球囊充、放气来模拟再灌注过程中的缺血-再灌注过程,先灌注1min,后闭塞缺血1min,重复4次循环,结果发现这一策略可明显降低心肌梗死面积达36%,降低心肌酶谱含量。所以,后适应的概念在心肌梗死治疗上从理论变成了实践,具有了可操作性和选择性。进一步研究显示后适应的机制可能和PI3-kinase-Akt-eNOS,MAPK-Erk1/2和蛋白激酶C(PKC)信号通路有关,也有研究显示可能和降低线粒体通透性有关。在这些研究结果的基础上,人们以上述信号通路为靶点开始寻找药物,来模拟后适应的保护作用,从而增加后适应的应用范围和便捷性。

后来,人们将上述“改良的再灌注”策略应用于缺血性脑损伤,发现后适应也对缺血性脑损伤有保护作用。新近一项研究得到有意思的发现,在动物模型上,大脑中动脉缺血100min后给予不同的再灌注方式,分别为①组2min中再灌注后2min中缺血,重复5次后持续灌注;②组缺血-再灌注间隔时间同上,但仅重复3次;③组是再灌注10min后缺血10min钟,后持续灌注;④组是再灌注30min后再缺血10min后持续灌注。结果发现只有②和③组具有神经保护作用,可降低缺血损伤体积、凋亡细胞且③组的保护效果最好,缺血损伤体积降低达近50%,几乎和缺血预适应(方法是预先缺血30min,3d后给予100min的缺血,后持续再灌注)的保护效果一致。④组没有保护效应,说明在脑卒中后最初的再灌注过程时间段是关键时间窗,对病情及预后具有重要的影响,后适应的策略应该应用这个时间窗内,时间长了则没有效果。并且上述策略在体外模型中也得到了进一步确定。更有意思的是,研究尚发现如果预适应和后适应同时应用,并不能增加其效应,而是与单独使用预适应或后适应的效果类似。进一步研究显示后适应对缺血性脑损伤的机制可能和Erk、p38MAPK及Akt等蛋白激酶的活化的有关。提示后适应在心肌缺血和脑缺血中可能使用类似的分子机制,发挥保护作用。

后适应是否对TBI也有类似保护作用呢?目前没有文献报道,但我们知道TBI后存在明显缺血再灌注损伤,众多研究表明这一病理变化过程是导致TBI后继发损伤的重要机制。结合上述后适应在缺血性心、脑损伤疾病中扮演重要作用的证据,我们有理由相信,后适应可能对TBI亦具有神经保护作用,但这需要实验的证明,我们的实验研究在进行当中。但在临床实践中,如何应用后适应这一策略来治疗TBI呢?因为TBI没有类似脑卒中那样明确的“犯罪”血管,也无法进行类似心肌梗死的血管成形手术,所以临床对TBI患者进行后适应治疗无理想的途径。但研究显示后适应的发生机制是有其物质分子基础的,如上述多种蛋白激酶的活化,如果我们能够揭示后适应在对TBI发挥保护作用中的分子信号通路,则以此为靶标,进行药物的设计和开发,为将来应用药物模拟后适应来治疗TBI,是有很大的帮助和良好应用前景的。

(宫国旗 钱忠明 胡胜利 胡 荣 冯 华)

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