首页 理论教育 女性高血压

女性高血压

时间:2022-03-13 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在一项轻度高血压治疗的研究中,女性应用利尿药比男性更多发生低血钾等不良反应。值得注意的是,轻度高血压经治疗后血压的降低和出生婴儿较小的比例呈线性关系。但母亲血压显著升高,则必须降压才能改善胎儿的存活。因此对于收缩压在140~150mmHg,舒张压在90~100mmHg时,最好的方法是采用非药物治疗,并密切监测血压的变化。如收缩压≥150mmHg或舒张压≥100mmHg时,应抗高血压治疗。

(一)根据性别选择药物

很少有研究设计来考察是否男女对药物降压有不同的反应,一般的说法是反应没有性别差异。一些试验未能证实对女性预后有重大改善,但却证实对男性有显著改善,可能是因为在女性尤其是年轻女性不良结局的发生率很低,因此试验无有力的证据证明药物作用优于安慰剂。在最近的ANBP2研究中,以ACEI为基础的治疗对试验终点的改善作用优于利尿药,然而将男、女对比,所有的改善都发生在男性,在女性中则没有差异。此研究只针对老年患者,并不一定适用于年轻患者。

我们也许不能根据发病率和病死率来直接选择药物种类,但却可根据药物不同的不良反应来选择用药。在一项轻度血压治疗的研究中,女性应用利尿药比男性更多发生低血钾等不良反应。女性应用ACEI比男性更多发生咳嗽,用CCB更多发生踝关节肿胀。而男性使用利尿药多发生痛风和阳痿,虽然低剂量使用很少发生这些不良反应。

(二)女性高血压

绝经前妇女降压药物的选择是个难题。如果一个女性已生育,并采用了适当的避孕措施,那么哪一类降压药都可以使用。然而,如果计划妊娠或已妊娠,应禁用对胎儿有致畸作用的药物,如ACEI、ARB或醛固酮受体拮抗药,可导致胎儿肾衰竭、肺发育不全、生长受限及颅骨发育不全。长期使用β受体阻断药亦对胎儿的发育生长有一定的影响。因此,对打算怀孕或处于怀孕期的女性,可供选择的药物相对很少。怀孕12周之后,当致畸作用减少,选择面稍宽一点。

无论是计划妊娠或处于妊娠早期的女性推荐的降压药物是甲基多巴或拉贝洛尔(柳胺苄心定),前者作用于中枢神经系统,激动中枢突触后膜α2受体而降压,后者为水杨酸氨衍生物,竞争性拮抗α、β肾上腺素能受体,除可降压,亦可改善肾血流。但有报道两药长期应用亦可对胎儿发育产生不利影响。利尿药经常被认为是禁忌,但一项大的研究分析显示,母亲使用利尿药后并没有对胎儿产生不利的影响。因此,对伴有全身性水肿、有潜在或已存在肺水肿、急性心力衰竭时可考虑使用。

值得注意的是,轻度高血压经治疗后血压的降低和出生婴儿较小的比例呈线性关系。但母亲血压显著升高,则必须降压才能改善胎儿的存活。因此对于收缩压在140~150mmHg,舒张压在90~100mmHg时,最好的方法是采用非药物治疗,并密切监测血压的变化。如收缩压≥150mmHg或舒张压≥100mmHg时,应抗高血压治疗。为避免血压降低过度和大幅波动而影响胎儿血供,血压控制在130~140/80~85mmHg为宜,当血压升高并先兆子痫、子痫时首选硫酸镁处理。

(荆小莉 夏金明)

参考文献

[1]Macfadyen RJ.The 2007revised ESC/ESH Guidelines in the management of hypertension:clarifying individual patient care.J Hum Hypertens,2007,21:757-761.

[2]Chobanian AV,Bakris GL,Black HR,et a1.The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention,detection,eva1uation,and treatment of high b1ood pressure.JAMA,2003,289:2563-2569.

[3] 孙宁玲.高血压治疗学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:776-780,801-818.

[4] 赵水平,胡大一.心血管诊疗指南解读.3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:58-78.

[5] 袁洪峰.高血压治疗的个体化.北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:167-171,210-213,223-228.

[6]Clement DL,De Buyzere ML,De Bacquer DA,et al.Prognostic value of ambulatory bloodpressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension.N.Engl J Med,2003,348:2407-2415.

[7]Verdecchia P,Angeli F,Borgioni C,et al.Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension:a metaanalysis.Am J Hypertens,2003,16:895-899.

[8] 胡大一,马长生.心脏病学实践2007.北京:人民卫生出版社,2007:133-138,338-342.

[9] 中国高血压防治指南修订委员会.2005年中国高血压防治指南(试用本).中华心血病杂志,2004,32(12):1060-1064.

[10]World Health Organization,International Soci-ety of Hypertension Writing Group.2003 World Health Organization,International Society of Hypertension statement on management of hypretension(Guidelines and recommendations).Journal of Hypertension,2003,21:1987-1989.

[11]Mancia G,De Backer G,Dominiczak A,et al.2007Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension:The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J,2007,28:1462-1536.

[12]John BB,Henry NG,George LB.Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus:a scientific statement from the American Hcart Association and the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care,2007,30:162-172.

[13]S.J.Pocock,D.Wang,M.A.Pfeffer,et al.Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure.Eur Heart J,2006,27:65-75.

[14]Meredith PA,Ostergren J.From hypertension to heart failureare there better primary prevention strategies?J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst,2006,7(2):64-73.

[15]Cuspidi C,Meani S,Valerio C,et al.Effects of angiotensinⅡreceptor blockade-based therapy with losartan on left ventricular hypertro-phy and geometry in previously treated hypertensive patients.Blood Press,2006,15(2):107-115.

[16]The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.Effects of an angiotensinconverting-enzyme inhibitor,ramipril,on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med,2000,342:145-153.

[17]Yusuf S,Pfeffer MA,Swedberg K,et al.Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction:the CHARM-Preserved trial.Lancet,2003,362:777-781.

[18]Lindholm LH,Carlberg B,Samuelsson O.Should beta-blockers remain first choice in the treatment of hypertension?A meta-analysis.Lancet,2005,366:1545-1553.

[19]Parikh NI,Hwang SJ,Larson MG,et al.Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease:overall burden and rates of treatment and control.Arch Intern Med,2006,166(17):1884-1891.

[20]MorganTO,AndersonA.Different drug classes have variable effects on blood pressure depending on the time of day.Am J Hypertens,2003,16:46-50.

[21]Bryan Williams.Protection against stroke and dementia:An update on the latest clinical trial evidence.Current Hypertension Report,2004,6(4):307-313.

[22]Wing LM,Reid CM,Ryan P,et al.A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly.N Engl J Med,2003,348:583-592.

[23]Mancia G,De Backer G,Dominiczak A,et al.2007Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension:The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension(ESH)and of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).J Hypertens,2007,25(6):1105-1187.

[24]Lewis EJ,Hunsicker LG,Clarke WR,et al.Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2diabetes.N Eng J Med,2001,345(12):851-860.

[25]Taylor EN,Hu FB,Curhan GC.Antihypertensive medications and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care,2006,29:1065-1070.

[26]Smith SC.Multiple risk Factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.The American Journal of Medicine,2007,120(3A):3-11.

[27]Morgan T,Anderson A.A comparison of candesartan,felodipine and their combination in the treatment of elderly patients with systolic hypertension.Am J Hypertens,2002,15(6):544-549.

[28]Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack.Stroke,2006,37:577-617.

[29]IsrailiZH,Lyoussi B,Hernandez-hernandez R,et al.Metabolic syndrome:treatment of hypertensive patients.Am J Ther,2007,14(4):386-402.

[30]Wong ND,Pio JR,Franklin SS,et al.Preventing coronary events by optimal control of blood pressure and lipids in patients with the metabolic syndrome.Am J Cardiol,2003,91 (12):1421-1426.

[31]National Institutesm of Health.Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection,Evaluation,and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults(Adult Treatment PanelⅢ).Bethesda,MD:National Institutes of Health,2001.

[32]Lindholm LH,Ibsen H,Borch-Johnsen K,et al.Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study,J Hypertens,2002,20:1879-1886.

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈