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常见商务文本的翻译

时间:2022-04-04 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:14.2 常见商务文本的翻译根据商务交际活动的不同功能,商务文本可分为商务信函、备忘录,会议纪要,广告,报告,通知,说明书、技术规范,协议或合同,以及各种相关单据与表格。商务翻译的关键是实现英汉两种语言同一语篇在功能上的对等,译文必须再现原文所传递的信息内容、语气、文体特征和专业特点,确保源语语篇与译语语篇实现相同的交际目的。以下就一些常见商务文本的翻译作简要阐述。

14.2 常见商务文本的翻译

根据商务交际活动的不同功能,商务文本可分为商务信函(Business Correspondence)、备忘录(Memorandum),会议纪要(Synopsis of Minutes),广告(Commercials),报告(Report),通知(Notice),说明书、技术规范(Specifications),协议或合同(Agreement or Contract),以及各种相关单据与表格(Bills and Forms)。

商务翻译的关键是实现英汉两种语言同一语篇在功能上的对等,译文必须再现原文所传递的信息内容、语气、文体特征和专业特点,确保源语语篇与译语语篇实现相同的交际目的。译者必须了解商务领域的行业规范和背景知识,熟悉商务运作的成套术语和各类商务语篇的表达模式与结构,要确保译文的专业性、整体性、礼貌性,并努力使译文的语气与原文一致,传达相同的功能。以下就一些常见商务文本的翻译作简要阐述。

14.2.1 商务信函

商务信函是对商务运作过程中使用的各种函件的总称。从内容和商务操作过程的角度,涉外商务信函则可以划分为以下几大类:建立业务关系、产品推销类、资信查询类、询盘类、发盘还盘类、订购类、支付类、装运通知类、保险类、索赔类和邀请致谢类等。

商务信函的是一种公文性质的信函,其主要内容涉及公事,交流目的的主要在于磋商公务,因此每一封商务公函都必须注重表达准确、规范、朴素,并且主题突出、中心明确。其文体特点可以用“5C原则”来概括,即:Correctness(准确),Clarity(清楚),Conciseness(简洁),Completeness(完整)和Courtesy(礼貌)。具体说来有如下几点:

(1)用词礼貌客气

例6.In reply to your enquiry of Jane 7, 2012, I respectfully offer my latest quotation herewith.

译文 兹回复贵方2012年6月7日来函,特随函奉上我方最新报价。

(2)用词庄重规范

例7.We confirm having cabled you a firm offer subject to your reply reaching us by October 10.

译文 现确认已向贵方电发实盘,10月10日前复到有效。

(3)用词专业准确

例8.Payment shall be made by irrevocable L/C at sight to be opened in our favor.

译文 货款必须用以我方为受益人而开立的、不可撤销的即期信用证支付。

(4)多使用简洁句、简短并列句和简短复合句。从以下例句的比较中,可以看出商务信函语言的简洁性特点。

例9.a. Please be advised that we have received your invoice No.138.

   b. We have received your invoice No. 138.

译文 贵方138 号发票已收悉。

上面例句中,A句比较繁琐累赘,语言冗长而矫揉造作,而B句既传递了商务文本所承载的信息,语言朴实,用词明白易懂,又言简意赅,简明扼要。

例10.If you want to schedule the delivery of your products,please contact us for shipping arrangements.

译文 如果贵方想安排交货日程,请告知我方有关装船安排。

(5)多用套语,如下列套语经常出现在商务信函中:

① 了解对方的途径

a) We have your name and address from…

我们从……获知了贵公司的名称和地址

b) On the recommendation of …we have learned with pleasure the name and address of your firm.

承蒙……的推荐,我们很高兴获知贵公司的名称和地址。

② 通知对方

a) We are pleased to inform you… 特此奉告

b) Notice is hereby given that… 特此函告

③ 询盘

a) be glad to have the price list and details of your offer.

请惠寄你方价目表和详细的报价

b) Please quote us your lowest price with the best discount and the date of delivery.

请报你方最低价格、最优惠的折扣以及交货期。

④ 报盘

a) Thank you for your enquiry of…, we shall be pleased to supply… at the price of…

感谢你方的……询价,我方很高兴以……价格提供……

b) with reference to your letter of…, enquiring for…, we enclose our quotation No….

关于你方……来函询购……,兹附寄第……号报价单……

⑤ 希望对方回复时

a) Your kind reply will greatly oblige us.

如蒙答复,当不胜感激。/敬请回复。

b) Your (prompt) reply would be appreciated.

敬请(速)回复。

c) Looking forward to your positive/favorable/affirmative reply 盼复

根据商务英语信函的特点,我们在翻译商务英语信函的时应当遵从准确规范、功能对等的原则。把握下面几个要点:

(1)翻译要简明、严谨、准确、清楚,确保术语、缩略语、具有商务意义的词语以及商务套语翻译的规范性和准确性,注意细节,包括日期、数量、金额等;

例11.Please let us have your quotation in USD on the basis of CIF Port Shanghai including our 5% commission.

译文 请用美元报上海港到岸价,包括我方5%的佣金。

(2)可借用汉语中的文言词语和常用的套语,如“收悉,承蒙,为盼,贵(贵方,贵公司),兹,谨”等,可根据情况用;

例12.Your early reply is highly appreciated.

译文 承蒙早日回复,不胜感激。

(3)把握好原文的正式性和委婉礼貌性,仔细分析原文的情态、语气和态度,并在译文中准确体现。

例13.We shall write to you again once our end-users are in the market for your product.

译文 一旦我方用户对贵方产品有需要时,我们将会另函告知。

例14.Please quote us your lowest price with the best discount and the date of delivery.

译文 请报你方最低价格、最优惠的折扣以及交货期。

14.2.2 商务合同

从结构上看,商务合同一般包含如下四个部分:

(1)合同名称(Title):即合同标题,表明合同的内容和性质。

(2)前文(Preamble):A. 订约日期和地点;B. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所;C. 当事人合法依据;D. 订约缘由/说明条款

(3)正文(Main Body):A. 一般条款(General Terms and Conditions);B. 特殊条款(Particular terms and conditions)C. 其他条款(Other Conditions)。

(4)约尾(WITNESS Clause):A. 结尾语(Ending);B. 签名(Signature);C. 盖印(Seal)。

商务合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。下面举例说明:

(1)用词专业,具有法律特征

① 商务合同有大量具有法律特性的合同术语。比如,“权利和义务”(rights and obligations)、“仲裁”(arbitration)、“终止”(termination)、“不可抗力”(force majeure)、“管辖”(jurisdiction)等。

例15.In processing transactions, the manufacturers never have the title to the materials or the finished products.

译文 在加工贸易中,生产方对原材料和产成品都没有所有权。

此例中title在法律术语中是“所有权”的意思,而不是日常英语中“头衔”的意思。

② 以here、there或where等作前缀的古体词,这些词的使用使得句子简练、严谨,从而显示出该类语言正规、严肃、权威等文体特征。一个简单的理解方法是:

A. here 代表this。例如:hereafter=following this;hereby=by this means or by reason of this; herein=in this; hereof=of this; hereto=to this; herewith=with this; hereunder=under this; hereinafter=later in this...; hereinbefore=in a preceding part of this...等。

B. there 代表that。例如:thereafter=after that; thereby=by that means; therein= in that; thereinafter=in that part of a...; thereof=of that; thereto=to that; thereunder= under that part of a...; thereupon=as a result of that 等。

C. where 代表which,与介词组合,一般为关系副词,引出定语从句,如:whereof= of which。

例16.The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.

译文 下列签署人兹保证所供应之货物系在美国国内制造。

在此句中,“hereby”一词翻译成了“兹”,这是一个经常在中文商务合同中使用的词,符合法律文书的文体特征。另外两个旧体词“之”和“系”显示合同翻译风格正式而紧凑的典型特点。

③ May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见,但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义。

a. May:在表示合同上的权利(Right)、权限(Power)或特权(Privilege)的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候,更多的是“be entitled”。

b. shall在商务合同中主要表示应当履行的义务、债务和应当承担的法律责任。一般可以翻译成“应当”、“必须”,也可以处理成“将”、“可以”或者不译出来(顾维勇 2012)。

例17.The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

译文 双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。

上句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”(shall),如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,则用选择性“约定”(may)。

例18.The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.

译文 货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。

例19.The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.

译文 本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。

shall没有译出。

C. Should:在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设,多翻译成“万一”或“如果”,极少译成“应该”。

例20.The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.

译文 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;若董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。

d. Will:一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下,也用做表示承担义务的声明,但语气和强制力比Shall弱。

E. May not(或shall not):用于禁止性义务,即“不得做什么”。

(2)用词正式、准确:具有法律效力的商务合同用词都很正式、规范,避免口语化。

例21.On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.

译文 按照FOB条件,买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。

例22.These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto.

译文 本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具有约束力,除非另有约定。

本句中的unless otherwise比if not和 otherwise表达正式。该词由两个同义词 unless和otherwise组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定,意为“除非另……”;再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit”,即可译为“除非合同/信用证另有规定”。

商务合同力求正式而准确,避免可能出现的误解或分歧,所以同义词(近义词)叠用的现象十分普遍。例如: made and entered into(签订)、amendments to and alteration of(修改)、packing and wrapping expenses(包装费)、rights and interests(权益)、settle claims and debts(清偿索赔和债务)、ships and vessels(船只)、sign and issue(签发)、support and maintenance(维护)。

例23.All permits, taxes and other fees arising from the prosecution and execution of the project shall be solely shouldered by the Contractor.

原译 项目施工过程中所产生的许可证费、税费及其他费用全部由承办方负担。

改译 项目执行、施工过程中所产生的许可证费、税费及其他费用具有承包方承担。

该例中,原文prosecution and execution为近义词,有permits(许可证费)一词,而这通常在工程施工前办理,而原译中的“施工”仅指工程动工、建设之中,没有包含工程动工之前办理必要手续等准备工作这一含义。因而分别改译为“执行”和“施工”。

(3)商务合同的句法结构严谨、句式较长。

句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明显,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充,一则可以体现这种文体庄严的风格、严谨的结构和清晰的逻辑;二则便于排除被曲解、误解而出现歧义引发争端的可能性,维护双方的合法权益。

例24.When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons (drawers) by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof. If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.

译文 当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时,信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定,但所提交的单据内容能够与信用证所述的货物和服务相符,则银行将予接受。

此例中,第一句中包含一个when引导的条件状语从句和一个by whom引导的定语从句,第二句则包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句,两个过去分词定语presented,referred to in the credit。

另外,商务合同英语多用陈述句、多用现在时、多用被动语态、多用名词性结构等。

例25.Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereofor give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labor, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.

译文 本协议任何一方未能履行基本协议规定的义务或有所延误,如果是由于发生该方无法控制的事件所造成的,则在此范围内不构成对本协议的违反,也不得引起任何赔偿损失的要求。这类事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括:政府的行为,自然界的行为,工人罢工或联合行动、火灾、水灾、爆炸、战争、暴乱、风暴、地震、事故,社会公敌的行为,叛乱,起义,破坏,传染病,隔离控制,劳动力、原材料或物资短缺,承包者或分包者未履约,禁运、运输方面未能履约或延误,任何政府或国家、下属各部门、机构或组织的条例、规定、命令或指示,任何有管辖权的法院的命令。

例25 是个陈述句,用了一般现在时,包含了一个if引导的条件从句,出现了被动语态it is caused by…,出现了动名词短语,名词和名词短语。

为了与比较正式的动词和名词相协调,商务合同英语常常会以介词短语来代替简单的介词和连词,如用on the grounds that 代替since/because,用with regard to 和with reference to 替代about,用for the purpose of 替代for,等等。

例26.The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.

译文 就本合资企业的存续时限的延期问题,各方应进行讨论;一旦各方就此达成一致,应形成书面协议,由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年内签字生效。

本句中用with regard to,in the event of和prior to分别代替about,in case of和before。

基于上述英文商务合同的语言特点,其翻译必须遵守下列几个原则:

(1)准确、严谨(faithfulness &; accuracy)

商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强,为了避免产生歧义,商务合同的翻译必须把“准确严谨”作为首要标准。对合同文件中的一些主要词语要准确无误的翻译,一定要保持译文的完整性。合同文本是合同双方当事人真实意思表示的文字形式的记录,因此合同文本的翻译不同于文学翻译,一般不讲究文采韵味,而要求必须准确严谨反映当事人的意思表示。

例27.Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.

译文 自9月20日起(含9月20日),甲方已无权接受任何订单或收据。

例28.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the Seller 30 days before the time of shipment.

译文 支付:买方应当在装船前30天将不可撤销的即期信用证开到卖方。

译文 通过添加原文表面所无、实际却隐含的成分“买方应当”使译文完整,内容清楚,体现了合同文字的严密性和买卖双方的义务关系。

(2)规范、明了、通顺(standard,expressiveness and smoothness)

指译文必须符合法律语言的特点,尽量体现出契约文体的特点而且应当符合汉语的语法要求,使译文清晰易懂。

例29.The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.

译文 凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。

例30.If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.

译文 乙方如需查核甲方的账目时,他应在接到甲方依本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后十天之内通知甲方。具体的查账内容和程序详见本合同附件4。

例31.The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.

原译 提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟交六天。一次订货多于一批装运,那么,每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。

改译 交货日期以提单所载日期为准,双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上,允许有前后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运,则每一批货为合同项下的单独买卖。

原译文表达累赘,结构松散,不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。

下面将结合翻译原则,重点探讨长句,尤其是条件从句的特点和翻译方法。

(1)长句及其翻译

分析合同长句的基本方法是:首先,要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;其次,要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后再分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

例32.The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.

译文 凡在制造或装船运输过程中因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。

上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明卖方的免责事项,接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责,后对不可抗力又做了限定。按照汉语的思维习惯,往往先谈原因,再讲结论,因此采用颠倒顺序的译法更合理。

例33.The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.

译文 货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。

这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。诸多状语尽管在原文中位置灵活,然而在译文里,须按照汉语的行文规范适当进行调整:方式状语一般应置于动词之前;其他状语可以灵活处理,如本句中的时间状语可以提前至句首。

(2)条件句及其翻译

商务合同主要约定合同各方应享有的权利和应履行的义务,但由于这种权利的行使和义务的履行均赋有各种条件,所以条件句的大量使用成为商务合同的一个特点。条件句多由下列连接词引导:if,in the event of,in case(of),should,provided(that),subject to,unless otherwise等。例如:

例34.In case the Contract terminates prematurely, the Contract Appendices shall likewise terminate.

译文 如果本合同提前终止,则合同附件也随之终止。

例35.The terms CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by the International Chamber of Commerce unless otherwise stipulated herein.

译文 除非另有规定,“CFR”和“CIF”均应依据国际商会制定的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS 2000)办理。

例36.In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.

译文 若因任何交货延误导致的代理方损失,代理方可凭代理方所在地行政当局登记的损失清单向制造方索赔,但须出具证明。

从以上例句中可以看到,英译汉时条件句均置于主句之前,英译汉时译成“如果”或“若”即可。

例37.Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.

译文 任何一方都可更换自己指派的代表,但须书面通知对方。

该句中的provided that表示合同该条款需作进一步规定或在作规定时语气上的转折,因而应译为“但是”才使译文过渡自然,符合汉语的表达规范,达到功能对等的效果。

14.2.3 商务单证

单证是指在进出口业务中所应用的单据与证书,是处理国际贸易中货物的交付、运输、保险、报关、商检、结汇等业务的合法有效凭证。在实际操作中,狭义的单证是指各类进出口业务单据和信用证;但从广义上讲,单证指各类进出口业务凭证和合法文件,如进口许可证、产地证等。

(1)单证的语言特点

单证一般由两部分组成,即各具体填写栏目和附注性说明文句或起证明保证作用的文句。单证在语言特点上要求高度严谨且专业性极强,但两部分的语言又有鲜明的不同点,各具特色,具体如下:

(2)单证具体填写栏目

① 标准化用语、专业术语、缩略语使用较多

一系列国际通则的规定有力促进了国际单证标准化和规范化的进程,为顺利实现国际结算业务的标准化和规范化提供了保障。由此产生了大量的涉及国际贸易单证填写方面的专业术语和缩略语。如:bill of exchange(B/E)(汇票),cash against document(CAD)(凭单付款),cost and freight(CFR)(成本加运费),cost, insurance &; freight(CIF)(成本加保险费加运费),generalized system of preference(GSP)(普遍优惠制),with particular average(WPA)(水渍险),free from particular average(FPA)(平安险)等。

② 名词、短语使用较多,辅之以少量的简单语句

大部分单证主体部分或正文都由统一的格式和固定的填写栏目组成。填写这些栏目需要使用大量的名词或短语,个别地方会使用一些简单语句。

例38.商业发票(谢金领:2009)

img1

译文:

img2

(3)单证附注性说明文句或证明保证文句

① 语言结构非常复杂,不易理解。例如:提单的附注性说明、提单背面条款、信用证中的保证条款、信用证特别提示等。这类文句往往句子结构复杂,一个句子里面嵌套多重复句。

例39.This insurance policy witnesses that the People’s Insurance Company of China(hereinafter called the Company)at the request of China National Textiles Imp.&; Exp. Corp. Shanghai Branch(hereinafter called the Insured)and in consideration of the agreed premium paid to the Company by the Insured, undertakes to insure the under mentioned goods in transportation subject to the conditions of this Policy as per the clause printed overleaf and other clauses attached hereon.

译文 本保险单鉴定(证明)中国人民保险公司(以下简称本公司)根据中国纺织品进出口公司上海分公司(以下简称被保险人)的要求,由被保险人向本公司缴付约定的保险费,按照保单背面条款要求,根据本保险单条款所列的条件以及所附的其他条款,承保下述货物运输保险。

例39 包含一个that引导的宾语从句,从句的主要动作undertakes to insure…有两个条件,由介词短语at the request of和in consideration of引出,又有分词短语paid to the Company by the Insured,printed overleaf,attached hereon做后置定语。整个句子结构复杂,环环相扣,体现了商务单证严谨的风格。

② 使用介词短语特别多

如例39中,出现了of, after, at the request of, in consideration of, to, by, in, as per 等多个介词或介词短语。

③ 使用过去分词或被动语态结构比较多

如例39中,过去分词有called, insured, mentioned, printed, attached.

④ 古体介词或副词出现频率高,例39就出现了hereinafter,hereon。其他如hereinbefore、herein、whereas、whereof、wherein、whereto等也经常出现在商务单证中。

例40.“Licensed products” means the devices and products described in schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.

译文 “特许产品”系指在本协议附表1中所述的装置和产品,及其全部改进和修改的产品或与之有关的研制产品。

句中hereto 意思为:to this 翻译为“本协议的”;thereto 在这里表示to that,翻译为“与此,与之”

(4)商务单证的翻译

单证的翻译不仅仅是两种语言的简单对译,更重要的是要按照进出口双方所在国家单证的惯例、格式、体例、术语、规范等制作出合乎业务规程的单证。单证翻译人员既要对两种语言所表达的内容和意义正确理解,又要精通进出口制单业务,只有这样才能保证单证翻译的质量。

进行单证翻译时,一般套用原格式直接进行语言文字的对译。这种方法最大好处是不易引起因翻译时单证格式的变化而使交易双方对原文信息的理解产生歧义,从而最大限度地避免贸易摩擦的发生。

单证具体栏目通常由一些专业性很强的术语、短语、词语或简单语句构成,常采用惯用译法和直接对译。在翻译时,首先应找到与之相对应的专业术语或习惯用语,这些术语或用语一般都有已被国际惯例认可的翻译方法,如“opening bank/ issuing bank”指“开证行”,“negotiating bank”指“议付行”。对于一些一般性的数据或信息,可采用中英文直接对译的方法,如“500 pieces”可译为“500件”。对于公司名称、地名、船名等专有名词,可不翻译直接用原文写出,如“ABC Trading Company”可译为“ABC贸易公司”。

附注性说明或保证证明文句的翻译是单证翻译的难点,这些文句通常由冗长复杂的句子组成,有的属于多重复合句,即句子主体结构包含多个分句或限定性从句,分句的某个成份又有其自己的限定性分句,如此下去,有的句子可能由几层分句构成;还有的句子由多个限定性成分组成,如几个状语、几个定语或补语。翻译时,需要综合运用各种翻译技巧,灵活处理。最常用的翻译技巧是采用重组法,通过对原文的研读和逻辑分析,找出其主次结构,将英文原句中的结构、从句、短语、词语等在汉语译文中进行重新组合,形成通顺的汉语译文。

例41.The guarantee period shall start from the exact date on which the purchaser receives notification in writing from the vendor that plant is ready for dispatch from the works.

译文 担保期限的具体日期自买方收到卖方发出的、并告知已随时可以从工厂发运的书面通知起开始计算。

例42.RECEIVED the goods in apparent good order and condition as specified below unless otherwise stated herein,the Carrier, in accordance with the provisions contained in this document,undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of the entire transport from the place at which the goods are taken in charge to the place designated for delivery in this document, and assumes liability as prescribed in this document for such transport. One of the Bills of Lading must be surrendered duly indorsed in exchange for the goods or delivery order.

本句中,托运人the carrier做两件事:第一件是完成货物从监管地到指运地的全程运输任务,即undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of the entire transport from the place at which the goods are taken in charge to the place designated for delivery in this document;第二件事是按提单规定对本票货物运输承担相应法律责任,即assumes liability as prescribed in this document for such transport. 做这两件事的前提是:第一,已收到符合提单规定的表面状况良好之货物(除非本提单另有说明),即RECEIVED the goods in apparent good order and condition as specified below unless otherwise stated herein.;第二,按本提单条款之规定做这两件事,即in accordance with the provisions contained in this document.

全句的结构是:状语(Received..., in accordance with...)+ 主语(the carrier)+ 两个并列谓语(undertakes..., assumes...)。其中,地点状语from the place 后跟一个at which引导的定语从句作它的后置定语。

译文 承运人已收到符合提单规定的表面状况良好之货物(本提单另有说明的除外),承诺按提单规定完成货物从监管地到指运地的全程运输,并承担相应法律责任。换取货物或提货单时,应按规定时间提交一份经背书的提单。

14.2.4 商务标识

商务标识的范围很广,总体上可以分为商务出行标识、商场标识、企业标识等。

商务出行标识:商务出行涉及商务交通、商务住宿等各个方面。因此,交通标识、商务住宿标识就成为商务出行标识的主要内容。例如:

Avoid the Jams 避免交通堵塞

TAXI PICK UP &; DROP OFF ONLY 出租车上下乘客专用

Keep your belongings with you at all times 随时照看好你的物品

No Parking in Front of This Gate 门前禁止停车

商场标识主要指商场里面一些特价通知、楼层商品公告等相关信息。例如:

50% Off on Selected Lines 部分商品降半价

As Many Repairs As You Need, Free of Charge 随时免费维修

Best Choice and Best Discounts 最佳选择,最大优惠

Sale at blowout Price 跳楼价甩卖

企业标识主要指用于企业对外宣传和内部的一些标识,包括企业部门的名称、警示语等各个方面。以下是一些常见的企业标识:

Sales Promotion Department 促销部

Quality Control Department 质量控制部

We do not buy at this door 谢绝推销

NO FOOD AND DRINK PERMITTED IN THE SORE 店内禁止饮食

Please Wait Here for Enquiries 请在此等候咨询

商务标识的语言有以下特征:

(1)大量使用名词短语、动词短语或动名词。例如:

Tollgate收费站、Check-in登记入住、No Spitting严禁随地吐痰、Mind the Gap注意站台缝隙、Please Use Revolving Door请使用旋转门、No Crossing 禁止横穿。

(2)措辞精确:标识多省略冠词、代词、助动词等,仅使用实词、核心词汇,以供人们在最短的时间了解最准确、最直接的信息。例如:

Turn off Engine,Hand Broke on 关闭发动机 拉上手刹(the engine 省略冠词the)

Stand behind red line until summoned by inspector 红线后站立,等候检查(the red line,the inspector省略冠词the;另外状语从句until you are summoned by the inspector也有省略until you are)

Beverage Not Included酒水另付

Coins Only 只投硬币

(3)语言运用力求引人注目

尤其是商业标识及店铺的招牌,更要追求夸张的效果。例如:EOM(End of Month)Sale月终大廉价、Grand Sale/Bargain Sale大甩卖、Big Price Plunge大削价,等等。

因此,商务标识的翻译要遵循去繁从简的原则,遵从习惯,使用规范标准的标识语,程式化套译。例如:

Do Not Touch The Exhibits/Objects请勿触摸展品

Discounts available for pre-booked groups团体提前预订优惠

Free Entry for All 向所有人免费开放

All-Inclusive Ticket票价包括所有费用

LUGGAGE MUST NOT BE PUT IN THE GATEWAY 门口禁放行李

本章从商务英语的语言特征入手,首先介绍了商务英语的特点,即商务英语呈专业性、规范性、正式性,很多套语出现在不同的文本中。进而分析了几种常见商务文本,如商务信函,商务合同,商务单证和商务标识的具体语言特征,根据它们各自的语言风格特点,本章又提出了各个文本的翻译原则和技巧,希望能在把握语言特色的情况下对几种商务文本的汉译有帮助,避免误译。

练习

一、请将下列信函译成汉语,注意信函用语的翻译:Dear Sirs,

We thank you for your promptness in delivering the coffee we ordered on 20th, July. The number of bags delivered by your carrier this morning was, however, 160 whereas our order was for only 120.

Unfortunately, our present needs are completely covered and as we cannot make use of the 40 bags in excess of order, we have put them in our warehouse to be held for you until we receive your instructions. Yours Truly,

二、翻译下列合同用语:

1.Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”). The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.

2.If either party to this Contract is prevented or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this Contract by force majeure, then he may notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented and the party giving the notice shall thereupon be excused from the performance or punctual performance, as the case may be, of such obligation for so long as the circumstances of prevention or delay may continue.

3.During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution of the Contract.

三、翻译下列单证用语:

1.All the payments shall be made in the U.S. Currency by the buyer to the seller by telegraphic transfer to the seller’s designated account.

2.The seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods owing to generally recognized force majeure causes.

3.This insurance is classified into the following three conditions: Free from particular average (F.P.A.), with particular average (W.P.A.) and All Risks. Where the goods insured hereunder sustain loss or damage, the company shall undertake to indemnify therefore according to the insured conditions.

4.Full set of clean on board bills of lading made out to order and blank endorsed, marked freight prepaid showing freight amount notifying ABC Company should be presented.

5.The shipper, consignee, owner of the goods and holder of this bill of lading shall be jointly and severally liable to the carrier for the payment of all freight and charges and for the performance of the obligating of each of them hereunder.

四、翻译下列商务标识:

1.Airport Lounges

2.In case of fire, stay in vehicle

3.Night Porter on Duty

4.These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons &; women with child.

5.Final Clear Out

6.Try Before You Buy

7.Accessories &; Spares Delivered to Your Door

8.This is a smoke free building

9.Abusive Language Prohibited On Campus

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