四、六级说明文简介
1. 说明文简介
说明文是一种以简洁、客观、浅显、明晰为特征的一种书面文体。在大学四、六级历次考试中，作文考题已出现过多次这种体裁。在今后的考试中，说明文将会占有更大的比重。其原因一，对事物进行阐述与说明时要按照一定的顺序，诸如：时间、空间、逻辑或认识；二，当表述时准确、简明、客观；三，形式变化多，书面性强；四，既实用又灵活；五，既可以让一般的写作能力的人较顺利地完成任务，又可以为有较强的写作能力的人提供突出优势的机会。故在今后考试中，采用说明文这一体裁是不仅不无道理，而且是大势所趋。
试看近五年四、六级作文考题类型的变化，不难发现这种趋势与变化。在这五年来四级考题题目的九篇作文中，说明文与其他题材文章的比例为11：4；六级考题的比例为：9：4。（作文题目见书后附录）
2. 说明文的常用类型
说明文一般分为三类：解释阐述类、介绍说明类、指示定义类。
3. 说明文的常用写作方法
4. 说明文的写作要领
5. 说明文的基本结构
四、六级说明文作文一般写两到三段。
6. 各种说明文的常用句式
The following expressions are usually regarded as crucial ones in such writing.
以下是一些引言的例子：
定义法：
… is one thing which … / is one who …
Something is called / considered / taken to be / be defined as / refer to / signifies …
Acountry which produces manufactured goods is known as an industrialized country.
By immigrants， it means …
Pessimism is used to denote a gloomy view of life， by which a personalways tends to expect unfavorable results.
As a medium of exchange， money also acts as a common measure of value.
比较法：
The northern and southern polar regions are different in many ways.
There is an essential difference between a news story， and a news magazine story.
There are striking / strong similarities between two of the most popular US presidents， Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy.
Some senior citizens are living an active life similar to that of the younger people.
In comparison / contrast with making jiaozi， noodles are much easier to make.
American students contrast sharply with their Chinese counterparts in class performance.
Our students often point out differences between elderly people in China and in America.
The development of transportation and that of communication have much in common.
Like fine food， good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last.
Chinese hold a high respect for the old. The same is true of many Asian countries.
举例法：
A good dictionary is the most useful text a student can buy.
If you want to patch a pair of trousers， you can do it well according to the following procedures.
In North China， when a new year comes， many people like eating dumplings.
The traffic officer has various “tricks” to issue tickets. For example， he would stand by a meter waiting for …
Environmental protection has aroused great concern among city planners.
In order to take photographs with your new camera， you must follow these simple instructions.
Road accidents keep happening in every city and on every highway.
列举法：
Social activities benefit us in many ways.
It is clear／well-known that ...
Our society abounds with /in the examples of ...
分类法：
There are several reasons why a sick person should stay at home rather than in hospital.
There are three kinds of book owners.
There are a few different types of English-Chinese dictionaries available in bookstores.
When discussing food and diet， it is always necessary to treat the world’s population as two separate sections： those who have more food than they really need and those who suffer shortages of even the most basic foods.
Matter may be classified / divided / grouped by its form into ...
The two activities are of the same type / kind in nature.
English learning falls into four main categories： listening， speaking， reading and writing.
Everything in the library is separated into different categories according to content.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.
数字法：
In 1995，it increased／rose from 7 to 15 percent of the total.
By comparison with l989，it decreased／fell from 15 to 7 percent．
... increased／decreased by 10 percent over last year.
The figure／percentage has nearly doubled／tripled as against that of last year
It has increased／decreased almost two and half times， compared with ...
It accounts for 25 percent of the total.
... is less than／more than 20 percent of the total number of ...
The rate was 20 per thousand，more than one fourth of …
阐述法：
One important cause of the generation gap is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own life-style.
以下是一些主体段的例子：
It is， therefore， obvious／evident that the task of ... requires immediate attention.
In conclusion ... If you can do this well， we can say that your wife or your husband will love you much better.
That’s all you have to do to get perfect pictures.
To decrease road accidents， every driver should drive his car carefully， especially when the weather is bad.
以下是一些结论的例子：
阐述法：
We may cite／quote／take a single／common example to illustrate ...
A recent study indicates／suggests／shows that ...
According to the statistics provided by …，it can be seen that …
There is a good／sufficient evidence to show that ...
This brings out／set forth the important fact that ...
No one can ignore／overlook the fact that ...
Let’s take an example／some examples to illustrate ...
The change in … largely results from the fact that ...
对比法：
The advantages of A are much greater than B.
Wonderful as A is， however， it has its own disadvantages too.
Although A enjoys considerable advantages over ...， it cannot compete with B in ...
There is an element of truth in these statements， but they ignore a deeper and more important fact that …
列举法：
There are several causes for this significant growth in ... First， ... Second， ... Finally， ...
A number of factors could account for the development in ...
What are／do ... ？ For one thing， ... For another， ... And the primary reason is ...
The reasons for ... are complicated，and probably they are found in the fact ...
It is no simple task to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon，which involves many factors.
Something ... for a number of reasons. First of all， ... Secondly， ... Finally， ...
提问法：
Since job interviews are important， what preparations should we make if we are going to take one？
6. 以下是自2000年以来历次四、六级作文考试题目类型：
四级：
2000年1月
How I Finance My College Education
1. 上大学的费用可以通过多种途径解决。
2. 那种途径适合于我（说明理由）。 （说明文）
2000年6月
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？
1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 ……
2. 也有人持不同意见。
3. 我的看法和打算。 （议论文加说明文）
2001年1月
How to Succeed in a Job Interview？
1. 面试在求职过程中的作用。
2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是 …… （说明文）
2001年6月
A letter to a Schoolmate
1. 表示欢迎。
2. 提出度假安排的建议。
3. 提醒应注意的事项。 （应用文）
2002年1月
A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus（应用文）
2002年12月
It Pays to Be Honest
1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实现象。
2. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。 （议论文加说明文）
2003年
2003年6月
An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident
假设你在某日、某时、某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：
1. 车祸发生的实际地点。
2. 你所见到的车祸情况。
3. 你对车祸原因的分析。 （描述文加说明文）
2003年9月
The Day My Classmate Fell Ill （or Got Injured）
1. 简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况。
2. 同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的。
3. 人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是…… （描述文）
2004年1月
A Letter in Reply to a Friend
December 27th，2003
Dear
1. 建议报考的专业及理由。
2. 报考该专业的基本条件。
3. 应当如何备考。 （应用文）
2004年6月
A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction
1. 欢迎词。
2. 一天的行程安排。
3. 景点描述。
4. 吸引人，行程安排。 （描述文加说明文）
六级：
2000年1月 （与四级相同） 说明文
2000年6月 （与四级相同） 议论文加说明文
2001年1月 （与四级相同） 说明文
2001年6月 （与四级相同） 应用文
2002年12月 （与四级相同） 议论文加说明文
2003年6月 （与四级不同） 应用文
2003年9月 （与四级相同） 描述文
2004年1月 （与四级不同） 说明文
2004年6月 （与四级相同） 描述文加说明文
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