题型分析及解题技巧

第三节　题型分析及解题技巧

一、细节事实题

一般来说，细节类问题不会太难，但正是这一原因，在测试中人们容易掉以轻心，加上测试技巧掌握不够，往往会丢掉不该丢的分。

(一)标志:

1．以5个W、 1个H提问的。

2．题干中明确提到时间，地点，人物等细节信息。

3．针对文章中的一句或几句发问。

4．题干和选项之间是因果关系。

(二)细节的理解

对细节的理解一定要建立在对全篇的理解的基础上。从做题的程序来看，应该是:略读(篇章理解) ——跳读(找到相关内容) ——细读(在理解了全篇的基础上，结合上下文，理解相关内容) ——选项。

(三)细节事实题选项的迷惑手段:

现在的细节类试题难度有所加大，很少出简单的Wh类问题，而且选项中的正确答案几乎不会与原文中的句子一模一样，因此在选项时要特别注意排除干扰项。

1．正反混淆

2．颠倒因果

3．扩大范围

4．常识判断

5．偷换概念

干扰项的语言形式往往与原文有关内容相似或接近，但实际内容却不同。这就要求读者对原文要有精确的理解，不要被形式上的相似所迷惑。选项中的正确答案，往往与原文的语言形式不同。实际上，正确答案通常是对原文内容的转述和复述( paraphrase or restatement) ——通过改变句式、改用其它词或词组。这同样要求读者要能理解原文的实质含义。例如:

After a year or so，however，I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself． It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat...

Question:

Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?

A) He wasn't able to produce a single book．

B) He hadn't seen a chance for the better．

C) He wasn't able to have a rest for a whole year．

D) He found his dream would never come true．

原话中break一词是指“机会，运气” ，但即使是不了解这一词义，也可从下面一句话中看出break在这里不是rest的意思。另外， “It was so hard to sell a story...”与选项A)的意思也是不同的。因此，答案应该是B) 。

另外，要注意看清原文和选项中在句式和用词上的细微差别，特别是某些限定语与修饰语。例如:

I'm only too happy to accept the offer， and I will never let the chance slip．这里， “only too...to...”与“too...to...”是完全不同的，而且其含义也可从后半句话中推测出来。

(四)做题的关键在于返回原文

1．根据题干中的时间、地点、人物、关键词返回原文

2．可根据出题顺序返回原文( 60%的准确度)

3．可根据题干中的重点词或同义词返回原文

4．找原文中的长难句定位(最没办法的办法)

二、语义类题

语义类问题有三种:词义、句义和指代词，这类问题都要求在上下文中理解实际含义。

词义猜测的方法和技巧我们已经讨论过(测试中有时要求猜测词组或短语的含义) ，本单元主要谈谈后两种试题。

(一)句义理解题

句义理解题所测试的内容，不是对句子简单的转述和复述，而是对句子实际意义的理解，特别是句子在特定语篇和段落及特定上下文中的内涵意义。有时，测试的句子本身句式不会很复杂，用词也不难，但句义比较含糊，或有隐含意义，需要在上下文中或结合段落、语篇中心进行判断、理解。通常情况下，所测试句子的实质含义与段落主题思想密切相关。有时，这种测试题实际上就是测试对段落中心的理解(细节的目的及其与段落中心的关系) ，因此要正确理解句义首先要理解段落中心。例如:

A status has been compared to ready- made clothes． Within certain limits，the buyer can choose style and fabric． But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince． We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society． Furthermore，our choice is limited to a size that will fit，as well as our pocketbook． Having made a choice within these limits，we can have certain alterations made，but apart from minor adjustments，we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks． Statuses too come ready made，and the range of choices among them is limited．

Question:

By saying that“an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince” ，the writer means that__________．

A) different people have different styles of clothes

B) ready- made clothes may need alterations

C) statuses come ready made just like clothes

D) our choice of statuses is limited

本段第一句话即表明谈到clothes的目的是要说明status，最后一句点明段落主题，再根据测试的句子的基本结构not free to choose来理解，答案应该是D) 。

(二)指代意义题

作者在文章中为了避免重复用同一个词、词组、短语等，常常用指代词( reference words)来代替。指代词可以是代词、代动词、名词、词组或短语等。指代词的所指(实际意义)辨别不清，往往会混淆文章中相关内容的关系，无法准确把握信息，影响对文章的正确理解。因此在阅读过程中，遇到指代词要立即判断其实际意义，然后再接着往下读。判断指代词的所指一般看前文，有时(若前文找不到)需要看后文。例如:

The basketball team never lacked enthusiastic supporters，but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm．从句子意思来判断， they应该是指team( members) 。

(三)解题关键:

该单词本身的意思并不重要，重要的是该单词上下文。如果该单词是认识的大纲词汇，则其字面意思或者说该单词大纲中的意思必然不是正确答案。其正确答案理应是根据上下文推测出的一个更加深刻的含义，此含义也许跟那个单词的意思没有任何关系。具体做题时可使用两种方法从上下文进行推理:

1．代入替换法

2．找与上下文所出现的观点意思接近的词或词组。

三、推理题

在阅读测试中，判断推理类问题是难度最大的，因为读者不仅要理解文章的字面意义，还要把握文章的隐含意义，要根据文章的主题思想、句子意义和用词等进行逻辑判断和推理。标志: infer/imply;判断推理类问题大致可分为三种:

(一)隐含意义类问题

1．隐含意义类问题，要求读者利用文章中明确表达的信息，进行正确推理。推理的依据可能是文章中的某个细节，也可能是某一段落或全篇的中心，有时则需要综合细节内容和中心内容进行推理。有时，文章中的个别词的理解可能会影响正确推理。

2．对有些较难的推理题，可根据已知内容，通过排除法来选择正确答案。

3．推理类问题常见的提问形式有:

A)The writer implies in the passage that__________．

B)It can be inferred from that passage that__________．

C)The author suggests that__________．

D)It is implied in the first paragraph that__________．

E) From the passage，we know that__________．

4．要特别注意的是:进行推理不能想当然，不能仅仅以你的常识为依据，而必须以文章的信息为依据!例如:

Often people who hold higher position in a given group overestimate their performance，while people in the lowest levels of the group underestimate theirs．While this may not always be true，it does indicate that often the actual position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal confidence a person may have． Thus，members who hold higher positions in a group or feel that they have an important part to play in the group will probably have more confidence in their own performance．

Question:From this passage we know that__________．

A) if people have confidence in their own performance，they will achieve higher positions in a group

B) if we let people know they are an important part of a group，they will probably become more self- confident

C) people who hold lower positions in a group often overestimate their performance

D) people with higher positions in a group do better work than other group members

这一问题主要要求根据第一句话进行推理，根据分析不难得出正确答案是B) 。再如:

Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible． If we were to solve the nursing shortage，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example．

At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full- scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state． Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．

The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor． If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment，it is not uncommon for his nurse to pro pose another approach to his doctor． What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．

Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor，every unit is a self- contained organization． There are nurse managers instead of head nurses． In addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing，employee advising，and they make salary recommendations． Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．

Beth Israel's nurse- in- chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital． She is also a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospitals includes only doctors．

It can be inferred from the passage that__________．

A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient．

B) in most hospitals nurses working is not full- scale

C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hour at Beth Israel Hospital

本题要求考生判断4个选项中哪一个是根据文章可以推断出的结论，要求考生根据文章内容作出合理的推断。从本题所提供的4个选项来看，文章并未谈及护士的“耐心” ( A) ;也未谈及护士的“工资待遇” ( C) ，只是说到护士的工资提升要由各科室推荐;更未涉及护士的“工作时间长短” ( D) ，文章的第一段最后一句才是得出正确答案的依据，这句的意思是: “如果我们确要解决护理工作不足的问题，那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最好还是效法一下Beth Israel医院” ，主句的虚拟语气也说明这一点:迄今为止还未做到。由此可以推断:①护理不充分是一个应该解决的问题;②这个问题普遍存在，否则就没有必要要求各地医院行政部门和医生效法这家医院的做法。因此本题的正确答案为B) ，本题属于局域型问题的间接性问题，这类问题是考生出错最多的题型。在做这类问题时，切忌从篇章的个别句子中寻找答案，而应把目光放在全篇的理解上:作者写这篇文章的目的是什么，针对什么问题，如何解决等。有许多考生可能都有这种体验:有的问题，第一遍阅读时做对了，第二遍再细读后，又改错了。这就是因为他们在读第二遍时注意了对篇章的个别句子的推敲，而忽视了整篇文章的大意。

(二)写作目的类问题

1．作者的写作目的要根据文章或段落中心和用词来进行判断。表示写作目的的常用词语有: inform，argue for ( against) ，criticize，warn，tell，show，illustrate，explain，stress，emphasis，discuss，convince，encourage，outline，compare，report，advise，recommend等。

2．写作目的类问题常见提问方式有:

A)The purpose of this passage is to__________．

B) The author's purpose in writing this passage is__________．

C) The author's main purpose in writing the article is to__________．

D) The passage is meant ( intended)to__________．

E)The first paragraph is mainly intended to__________．

(三)结论类问题

1．结论类问题分为两种:

( 1)根据全篇或段落中心进行推理判断，得出结论。正确的选项可能就是中心思想，但也可能是根据中心内容进行的引申。

( 2)根据文章中的某个细节内容或某句话进行推理，得出结论。做这类题时，一定要结合上下文和文章及段落的中心来选择正确答案。

2．结论类问题常见的提问方式有:

A)It can be concluded from the passage that__________．

B)We may conclude from the first paragraph that__________．

C) From the sentence“...”( the example) ，we may draw the conclusion that__________．

D)It can be concluded from one's remarks that__________．

E) Which of the following conclusion does the passage ( the first paragraph) support?

3．整体思路:

( 1)绝大多数推理题的答案是原文中心意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系。做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系。

( 2)如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文最接近、所用推理步骤最少的选项是正确答案。

( 3)注意那些话中有话的间接表达句，这些句子往往采用说半句话、打比喻、反着说的方式让考生有推理的余地。特别注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子，因为对作者所表达的意思不能一下子看透的长难句经常是命题所在。例如:

If women are mercilessly exploited year after year，they have only themselves to blame． Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion，they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores． Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside be cause of the change of fashion． When you come to think of it，only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear． Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste． Many women spend vast sums of money each year in re placing clothes that have hardly been worn． Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way，waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have．Skirts are lengthened or shortened，`necklines are lowered or raised，and so on．

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society． Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability． They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of dis comfort，as long as they look right． There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day，or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high- heeled shoes．

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion，the conclusions to be drawn are obvious． Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes，one wonders，reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers． Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide．

To the writer，the fact that women alter their old- fashioned dresses is seen as_________．

A) a waste of money

B) a waste of time

C) an expression of taste

D) an invention of taste

本题问题是:女士们把过了时的衣服改来改去，在作者看来是“浪费金钱” A;是“女士对服装的喜好的表现” C;是“女士们创造性的表现” D;还是B所说的“浪费时间” 。根据第一段所说的“waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have” ( Para． 1，Line 10，答案应选B) 。

四、作者态度、观点类问题

这类题问及作者叙述的语气，比如是客观、冷静的，还是主观情绪性的;是赞赏的还是讽刺的;是肯定的还是否定的。问及态度的题通常涉及作者对所议论的问题、现象的态度。

(一)观点类问题

可能涉及全篇或段落的主题，也可能涉及文章所谈论的某一具体现象、论点等。这类问题主要有三种:

1．文章中谈到不同的观点，要求判断某些人持何种观点。这种问题实际上是细节判断题，只要细心，一般不会出错。

2．文章中列举了事实和观点，要求辨别出事实和观点。

3．文章中只有一些具体的细节，要求根据这些细节进行推理，判断出作者(或其他人)的观点。这种问题是观点类问题中最难的，有时需要通过排除法来确定正确答案。

4．观点类问题常见的提问方式有:

A) What's the author's opinion ( view) on ( about)...?

B) Which of the following best expresses the author's ( the speaker's，the public's) view on...?

C)The author thinks that__________．

(二)作者态度问题

作者态度只分为三大类: 1．支持，反对或保持中立; 2．主观，客观; 3．乐观，悲观。除此之外，几乎没有任何其他的态度。

(三)识别作者态度的两个方法

1．当作者态度没有明确提出时，找出文中带有褒贬义或含有感情色彩的词——名词、动词、形容词、副词，尤其出现在中心句或文章主线当中。

2．根据作者所举例子的正负:

只举正面的例子——支持

只举负面的例子——反对

正反例子都举——中立(不管正反双方的例子多少，只要有正有负就是中立。 )

3．有些选项是确定不能做为正确答案的，如: indifferent:漠不关心; subjective:主观的; biased:有偏见的; puzzling:令人迷惑的

4．作者的态度一般与文章主旨相关联，不要把自己的态度纳入其中。而且要区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度。

5．新趋势:

( 1)现在考试不仅局限于考作者态度，也开始问文中某人的观点和态度。

( 2)选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定性的词，而改为带有程度限制的词语，比如: reserved(有保留的) 、 tempered(温和的、缓和的) 。因为持有保留态度的观点比较客观，往往是正确答案。

( 3)一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错，比如: strongly(强烈地) ， completely(完全地) ， entirely(全部地) 。

(四)应试技巧

在解答语气、态度类的题时，应注意作者的表述方式和用词，这样才能判断出作者的倾向。选择项中常出现的表示语气、态度的词语有: positive，optimistic，enthusiastic，pleasant，polite，concerned，sober，hopeful，cheerful，praising，admiring，humorous，serious，respectful，reverent，sincere，objective，subjective，literal，informative，impartial，apathetic，neutral，impersonal，ambivalent，indifferent，impassive，uninterested，negative，critical，suspicious，moc king，pessimistic，depressed，discouraged，gloomy，ironic，sarcastic，cynical，exaggerating，sensational，disgusted/ing，tolerant，worried，angry，doubtful，prejudiced，approving，disapproving，formal，informal，sentimental，sensitive，exciting，casual，comical，playful，upset，tragic，factual，straightforward...

五、主旨题

在阅读测试中，主旨类问题可分为三种:主题、标题、主题思想。

(一)主题类问题:

主题类问题可能是涉及全篇，也可能涉及某一段，常用的提问方式有:

1) The passage ( The second paragraph...)is mainly about．

2) The passage ( The first paragraph...)mainly discuss__________．

3) What is the topic ( subject) of this passage ( the first paragraph...) ?

4)This passage focuses on__________．

5)This passage primarily deals with__________．

(二)标题类问题:

标题类问题都涉及全篇的中心，要注意排除不涉及全篇中心的选项。标题类常用的提问方式有:

1) The best ( most appropriate) title of ( for) this passage is ( would be)__________．

2) What would be the most appropriate title for this passage?

3)This passage could be entitled__________．

4) Which of the following would be a proper title for this passage?

(三)主题思想类问题:

相对而言，主题思想类问题是这三类问题中考得最多的。与主题类问题一样，这类问题可能涉及到段落或全篇，常见的提问方式有:

1) What is the main idea of the passage ( the first paragraph...) ?

2) Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the pas sage ( the first paragraph...) ?

3) The central ( main)idea of this passage is__________．

4) The second paragraph is intended to tell us that__________．

(四)整体思路:

利用宏观阅读技巧做主旨题，不管主旨题出现在文章的什么位置，都作为最后一道题去做，而且要明确文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首、文中、文尾、没有明确的主旨需要总结。在回答主旨类问题时，应注意以下几点:

1．所选答案要恰当，要能准确地概括文章的中心。也就是说，所选的主题、标题、主题思想面不能太宽(包含了文章中未涉及的内容) ，也不能太窄(未能概括文章涉及的全部内容) 。

2．要注意辨别哪些选项只是细节内容，哪些选项概括了部分的(段落)中心，哪些选项概括了全体(全篇)的中心。

3．主旨类问题一般来说不会太难，但有些文章的结构、层次较复杂，包含的信息量较多，需要在通读全文后进行一定的归纳、推理才能得出结论。

(五)关于主题型

Oceanography has been defined as“the application of all sciences to the study of the sea” ．

Before the nineteenth century，scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between． Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings， but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work．

For most people the sea was remote，and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others，who earned a living from the sea，there was little reason to ask many questions about it， let alone ask what lay beneath the surface． The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed． The engineers had to know the depth profile(起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured．

It was to Mary of US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned，in 1853，for information on this matter． In the 1840s， Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(试探) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans． Later，some of his findings a roused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea．

The cable was laid，but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable． At the early attempts，the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths，a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．

Within a few years oceanography was under way． In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition，which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples form the sea． Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five- volume report，the last volume being published in 1895．

This passage is mainly about__________．

A) the beginnings of oceanography

B) the laying of the first undersea cable

C) the investigation of ocean depths

D) the early intercontinental communications

本题问及全篇的中心思想。通过快读( skimming )我们知道这是一篇叙述“海洋学”的文章。第一段谈的是关于“海洋学”的定义;第二段是讲19世纪前对海洋感兴趣的科学家不多;第三段谈到由于有人提出了铺设海底电缆，人们才开始研究“海底深处究竟是什么” ;第四段说Mary考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意;第五段讲修筑海底电缆过程中发现大量的海洋生物;最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可见全篇主要是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的，所以正确答案是A) 。文章有好几个地方谈到铺设海底电缆B)和越洋通讯D) ，但都是围绕着海洋学这条主线的。至于C) ，测量海洋深度，只是一个细节，不可能是文章的中心意思。

(六)关于标题型

A rapid means of long- distance transportation became a necessity for the Unit ed States as settlement(新拓居地) spread ever farther westward． The early trains were impractical curiosities，and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems． The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load，and the development of a safe，effective stopping system． Once these were solved，the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation． By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi． There were also regional southern and western lines．

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system． In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point，so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic sea board with the Pacific． The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land． Actual work on this project began four years later． The Central Pacific Company，starting from California，used Chinese labor，while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers． The two groups worked at remarkable speed，each trying to cover a greater distance than the other． In l869 they met at a place called Promontory in which is now the state of Utah． Many visitors came there for the great occasion． There were joyous celebrations all over the country，with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement．

The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement． It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets． In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States．

The best title for this passage would be__________．

A) Settlements Spread Westward

B) The Coast- to- Coast Railroad: A Vital Link

C) American Railroad History

D) The Importance of Trains in the American Economy

本题是给文章选标题，实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。文章第一段的第一句虽然提到“settlement spread ever farther westward” ，但这不是本文论述的中心，故选项A)是错的;选项D)也不合适，因为作者在第三段第二句里谈的是在美国起重要作用的transcontinental railway，而不是泛指美国的铁路;虽然本文从一个侧面反映了美国铁路的历史，故选项C)也是错的;本文的第三段点了文章的主旨，即这条横贯美国的铁路在开发西部、发展工农业生产和统一美国等方面起到了a vital link的作用，因此，答案应该是选项B) 。

(七)关于主题思想型

We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed- ability teaching．On the contrary，both their knowledge and experience are enriched． We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把……按能力分班) pupils． It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates． It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not- so- bright child． After all，it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!

Besides，it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability． This is only one aspect of their total personality． We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full，not just their academic ability． We also value personal qualities and social skills， and we find that mixed- ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning．

In our classrooms，we work in various ways． The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to cooperate，to share，and to develop leadership skills． They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learn how to think，to make decisions，to analyze and evaluate，and to communicate effectively． The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher．

Sometimes the pupils work in pairs`，sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments，and they can do this at their own speed． They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate． We encourage our pupils to use the library，and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently． An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is．We expect our pupils to do their best，not their least，and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal．

The author's purpose in writing this passage is to__________．

A) argue for teaching bright and not- so- bright pupils in the same class

B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities

C) offer advice on the proper use of the library

D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom

本题要求学生首先了解这篇文章的主题。文章中讨论了两种上课的方式: streaming pupi1s即把学生按能力分班进行教学和mixed- ability teaching即把程度不齐的学生混班上课，并列举了前者的弊端和后者的优点。因此A)是答案。而选项B) 、 D)中提到的几种做法均为mixed- ability teaching的具体做法，都不能看作是作者写这篇文章的目的。这一题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整篇文章中赞成什么反对什么，因此，必须看懂全篇文章的意思。

(八)主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种:

1．概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。

2．概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。

3．无关信息:即文章中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息。例如:

Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world． In London，for example，some Englishmen dip mustard into their coffee，while in Denver，a person might add a dash of ketchup． Strips of orange and lemon peel，cloves and cinnamon sticks are not unusual additions to the brew in Eu rope． An Asian delight consists of coffee brewed in boiling sugar． Perhaps the richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland where whiskey and whipped cream are important ingredients． In Australia a waitress will ask ，“Do you want black or white?”Black is plain black coffee， but white is half coffee and half warm milk． If an Australian orders iced coffee，he will be served a cup of steaming coffee with a scoop of ice cream． It sounds like the Australian version of a“snowball in hell． ”1． Which statement best expresses the main idea?

A) The richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland．

B) Asians enjoy a sweet cup of coffee．

C) Coffee is enjoyed in a variety of ways．

D) Australians have an unusual sense of humor．

2． The paragraph could be entitled__________．

A) Some Like It Hot B) Coffee Around the World

C) Oriental Delights D) A Snowball in Hell

答案说明:

1．第一个问题的正确答案是C， Coffee is enjoyed in variety of ways． (咖啡可以以多种方式享用)这句话说明了这段文章的主题。它基本上是本段开头一句的翻版，它概括了本段其它句子所陈述的事实。答案A，和B都是错误的，原因在于:答案A和B所述内容是细节而非主题，同主题句相比它们的范围显得狭隘了些。它们的重要性不及主题句。答案D是说澳大利亚人具有与众不同的幽默感;虽然本段文章某些地方可能表明澳大利亚人具有幽默感，但是答案D所指的仍是细节而不是主题。

2．第二个问题的正确答案是B: Coffee Around the World(遍及全球的咖啡。文章的主题句说明咖啡是一种全球性饮料，文中的论证性句子又评述了若干国家的不同喝法。答案A、 C、 D都是错误的，原因是答案A、 C、 D都分别说明了本段文章的部分内容，与答案B相比，都欠全面。

本段文章的结构是主题句位于段落的开头;作者一开始就提出论点，其余的句子是对这一论点的论证与解释说明。与此相对应的句子显然是第一句: Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world．需要注意，标题型题虽然与主题句密切相关，但它们又有区别，找到了主题句不一定能找对标题。因为标题常常隐含于主题句之中，主题句只能使考生在确定标题的时候有所启发，考生只能根据主题句进行再抽象，然后找到标题。主题句在词法和句法上是一整句，而标题在结构上往往是单词或短语;主题句对整篇起到统帅作用，而标题是整篇表现的对象;主题句语义明确，而标题则内含较深。例如:

When the weather is clear，pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level． In low visibility situations，however，the eye and other orientation senses，such as our sense of balance，are not only useless but they may be to tally misleading． The only safe way to fly an airplane in low visibility conditions is to use instruments，which indicate the attitude of the airplane．

A) In bad weather，the senses can be misleading

B) Flying an airplane can be very difficult

C) When visibility is low，the only safe way to fly an airplane is by using flight instruments．

D) When the weather is clear， pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level．

四项选择中A项和D项内容太具体，不能概括段落的主旨思想; B项内容又太笼统，超出了作者的原意;只有C项才准确地概括出段落的主旨思想。

总之，识别和理解主题句，可迅速准确地抓住短文的中心思想，从而把握住全篇的主要内容。在确定文章的主旨思想时，选项的内容既不能太具体也不能太笼统。在选择和确定主旨思想时，题中给出的四个选择项往往都是事实，要求考生从中选出最能概括文章主旨思想的一项作为正确答案。在这方面考生容易犯以下两种错误:一种是把主题的一部分看成是文章的“主旨思想” ，这样选择的“主旨思想”太具体，不能准确地概括出整个文章或段落的主旨思想。另一种是在表达作者的主旨思想时，词语概括的范围太大、太笼统，超出了作者的本意。

练习

Ⅰ． Read the following two short paragraphs，and then choose the ones that could be properly inferred from the reading material． Maybe there is more than one inference．

Passage 1

Young children in certain societies call their mother and their aunts by the same name，properly ignoring the differences and noticing the similarities． In all societies，when there is trouble in the family，an aunt may temporarily take the mother's role，for which children thus rescued extend lifetime thanks．

A) According to the writer，aunts play a valuable role in all societies．

B) There are more similarities than differences between mothers and aunts．

C) The author approves of the practice of young children in certain societies calling the mother and aunt by the same time．

D) Young children in all societies adopt the same practices towards their aunts．

E) When there is trouble in the family，an aunt will become the mother．

Passage 2

Surveys reveal that most adults consider themselves“well informed about the affairs of the nation and the world． ”Yet a regularly taken poll that asks ，“From where do you obtain most of your information about the world?”has found the percentage of people who reply ，“Television”has been increasing steadily over the past decade． The latest questionnaire found that well over 60 percent of the respondents chose television over other media as their major source of information．These two facts are difficult to reconcile since even a casual study of television news reveals it is only a headline service and not a source of information enabling one to shape a world view．

A) Most adults obtain most of their information about world affairs from the newspapers．

B) The author does not believe that television provides enough information to make people well informed．

C) The number of people answering the questionnaire has increased．

D) Sixty percent of the people questioned get all their news from television．

E) Most adults are well informed about the affairs of the nation and the world．

F) The author thinks that most adults are not well informed about the affairs of the nation and the world．

Ⅱ． Read the following two passages and answer the questions after each one．

Passage 1

A relatively new feature of radio broadcasts in the United States is the call- in therapy (精神疗法) shows，in which callers get the opportunity to air problems，however intimate，while the hosts offer them free and immediate advice． They started，like so many other self- help psychology ideas，in California in the early 1970's，but now they have spread to many other parts of the country and enjoy considerable popularity． This phenomenon certainly does not please all psychologists and the shows have become a matter of some concern to their professional association，the APA．

Present APA guidelines merely prohibit psychologists from diagnosing problems，or from offering psychotherapy on the radio，while the earlier ones had prohibited all giving of advice outside the traditional therapist- patient relationship．This prohibition fails to satisfy many psychologists． Some consider all giving of psychological advice over the radio totally unacceptable，but there are others who believe there should be even more of it．

The former are typified by a Hastings Center psychiatrist，who describes the activity as“disgusting”．On one occasion，he backed up his view by walking out of a radio program when the host insisted he answer listener's calls． But radio therapy hosts， who are mostly attractive， young and qualified women， are fully capable of backing up theirs，and do so charmingly and effectively，as might be expected from professionals combining psychological expertise with entertainment know- how．

1． In Line 3，Paragraph 1“them”refers to__________．

A) problem 　　　　　B) call- in therapy shows

C) callers 　　　　　D) hosts

2． In Paragraph 1，“they”( Line 3)refers to__________．

A) problems 　　　　　B) call- in therapy programs

C) self- help ideas 　　D) callers

3．“this phenomenon”( Line 6，Para． 1)means__________．

A) the fact that the shows started in California

B) the fact that callers air intimate problems

C) the fact that the shows started in the early 1970's

D) the fact that the programs enjoy considerable popularity

4．“ones”in Line 2，Paragraph 2 refers back to__________．

A) APA guidelines 　　　　B) psychologists

C) problems 　　　　　D) call- in therapy programs

5． In the passage“This prohibition”( Line 4，Para． 2)refers to__________．

A) the rule that no advice be given outside the traditional therapist- patient relationship

B) the rule that psychologists should not diagnose problems or offer psychotherapy on the radio

C) the fact that not all psychologists are pleased

D) the fact that it is a matter of some concern to the APA

6． “it”in Line 6，Paragraph 2 refers to__________．

A) this prohibition

B) the traditional therapist- patient relationship

B) giving of psychological advice over the radio

D) psychological advice

7． “The former”( Line 1，Para． 3)refers to__________．

A) psychologists who object to call- in therapy show

B) psychologists who advocate more advice- giving over the radio

C) the APA's present prohibitions

D) earlier guidelines

8．“theirs”in Line 5，Paragraph 3 refers to__________．

A) activity 　　　　B) radio- therapy programs

C) listeners 　　　　D) views

Passage 2

For any given need， there are many different and appropriate goals． The goals selected by individuals depend on their personal experience，physical capacity，prevailing beliefs and values，and the goal's accessibility in the physical and social environment． For example，an individual may have a strong hunger need． If he is a young American athlete，he may choose a rare sirloin (牛腰上部的肉) steak as his goal- object; however，if he is also a Jew，he may require that the steak con form to Jewish laws． If the individual is old or infirm，he may not have the physical capacity to chew or digest a steak; therefore， he may select hamburger instead．If he has never tasted steak—if it is out of his realm of personal experience—he will probably not even think of steak as goal- object．

Finally，the goal- object has to be both physically and socially accessible． If the individual were lost on an island with no food provisions or living animals，he could not realistically select steak as his goal- object，though he might think about it． If he were in India where cows are considered sacred， he would have to select a substitute goal more appropriate to the social environment．

The individual's own conception of himself or herself also serves to influence the specific goals selected． The products that a person owns， or would like to own，or would not like to own are often perceived in terms of how closely they reflect the person's self- image． A product that is perceived as fitting has greater probability of being selected than one that is not． The type of houses people live in，the cars they drive，the clothes they wear，the very food they eat—these specific goal- objects are often chosen because symbolically they reflect the individual's own self image while they satisfy specific needs．

1． The statement“If he has never tasted steak，...he will probably not even think of steak as goal- object”suggests that．

A) there are many different and appropriate goals

B) one's personal experience will affect the goals one select

C) goal- object is different to select

D) the selection of goal- object is influenced by many factors

2． The word“infirm” ( Line 7，Para． 1)is closest in meaning to__________．

A) tall　　　　　　　 B) strong

C) weak 　　　　　　　D) health

3． By“physical capacity” ，the author refers to a person's__________．

A) physical training　　　　 B) physical exercises

C) physical condition 　　　D) physical needs

4． Which of the following can be classified as“physically inaccessible” ?

A) Unable to eat meat in an vegetarian society

B) Not allowed，by law，to ride a bicycle at night

C) Unable to get food when it is out of supply

D) Any of the above

5． It can be concluded from the passage that the goals discussed here mainly refer to__________．

A) professional objects 　　　B) material needs

C) spiritual needs 　　　D) the proper kind of food

Answers:

Ⅰ． Passage 1: B C E Passage 2: F

Ⅱ． Passage 1: C B D A A C C B Passage 2: B C C C B