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商务合同的文体特征

时间:2023-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第二节 商务合同的文体特征商务合同是一种契约文体。可见商务合同属于庄严文体,严谨可以说是合同英语的灵魂。商务合同遣词上的特点一般可以从以下几个方面来概括:1.多用“hereinafter”、“hereunder”之类的古体词语商务合同因具有法律性质,故往往选择古体词语或古体语法形式来体现其严肃性以及文本的正式性。

第二节 商务合同的文体特征

商务合同是一种契约文体。契约文体的特点主要有以下几点:(1)条理性,这里的条理性不仅是指逻辑,而且指语言体式。契约文体不同于论述文,不求铺叙,但求明晰,也不同于描述文,不求修饰,但求达意;(2)纪实性,制定契约的目的是为了提出、限定、筹划、应酬某种事物,必须言而有实;(3)规范性,契约文体要求用词规范,符合约定俗成的含义,一般不能改动,除非经双方或多方商定才可以变动措辞或修辞,因为契约都是约定的书面依据,不能容许文字上的随意性(刘宓庆,1998:435-440)。作为一种法律英语,商务合同涉及当事人经济利益的丧失与获取,人们签订合同的目的是用它来精确地对合同双方应尽的义务和享有的权利进行确认,力求严谨且全面地表达其合法意愿。可见商务合同属于庄严文体,严谨可以说是合同英语的灵魂。商务合同英语从词法、句法、语篇等各个层次都体现出了“严谨缜密”这一特征。

一、商务合同的词汇特点

商务合同语言形成了一种程式,其文体相对稳定,较保守。合同文本不同于文学作品也不同于日常会话,不可能使用谚语、俚语等,也不可能借助于华丽的词藻和形象的修辞手法如夸张、拟人、比喻等手法表情达意。所以,商务合同中的语言用词是冷静的,要严谨庄重、清楚准确,切忌情绪型词汇。商务合同遣词上的特点一般可以从以下几个方面来概括:

1.多用“hereinafter”、“hereunder”之类的古体词语

商务合同因具有法律性质,故往往选择古体词语或古体语法形式来体现其严肃性以及文本的正式性。这些古体词通常是由“here”、“there”、“where”等加上“after”、“by”、“in”、“of”、“on”、“to”、“under”、“upon”、“with”等构成的词语,例如:

(1)hereafter:after this time;in the future 此后,今后

(2)hereby:by means of;by reason of this 据此

(3)here in:in this在此

(4)hereinafter:later in this contract,etc. 在下文中

(5)hereinbefore:in the preceding part of this contract,在上文中

(6)hereof:of this于此

(7)hereto:to this到此

(8)heretofore:until now直到此时

(9)hereunder:under this在下

(10)hereupon:at this point:in consequence of this因此

(11)herewith:with this同此,因此

(12)thereafter:afterwards其后

(13)thereby:by that means;in that connection因此,从而

(14)therefrom:from that从此

(15)therein:in that:in that particular在那里

(16)thereinafter:later in the same contract,etc. 以下

(17)thereinbefore:in a preceding part of the same contract,etc. 在上文

(18)thereon:on that在其上

(19)thereof:of that:from that source其中

(20)thereto:to that另外,到那里

(21)thereunder:under that依据

(22)thereupon:then;as the result of that因此

(23)therewith:with that or it与此

(24)whereas:considering that:but尽管

(25)whereby:by what;by which为何

这些古体词语的运用使合同更加正式,并且避免了不必要的重复,起到简化语言的作用。同时古体词还体现其严肃性及法律公文的结构严谨逻辑严密,言简意赅等特征。如:

This contract is made on 28th of May, 2008 by ABC Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Seller”) who agrees to sell and CBD Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Buyer”), who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions stated as below.

译文:本合同由ABC公司(以下简称“卖方”)与CBD公司(以下简称“买方”)于2008年5月28日订立,双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物。

此句中使用了hereinafter 一词,使得文体显得正式。同时用hereinafter 表明afterwards listed in this contract,避免了重复contract 一词,显得简洁明了。

2.多使用正式语和专业术语

合同作为一种法律文体,措辞方面往往非常正式并且引用专业合同、法律及经济等术语,表现出庄重的语气。

(1)经济贸易类术语

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例如:

例1:Whereas the Bank agreed to extend a short-term credit loan for the purpose of providing general working capital to the Company, the Parties hereby agree as follows...鉴于该银行同意向该公司提供短期信贷作为其周转资金之用,双方同意以下各点……

例2:The terms shall include a provision whereby, in the event of any claim in respect of which the Contractor would be entitled to receive indemnity under the policy being brought or made against the Employer, the insurer will indemnify the Employer against such claims and any costs, charges and expenses in respect thereof. 保险条款中应该包括这样一条规定,即:如果发生承包人根据不利于雇主的保险单有资格向雇主提出有关的索赔,则保险人应保障雇主不承担与此有关的任何索赔、诉讼费、指控和有关开支。

3.多用成双成对的同义词及并列词语以限定或确定或强调其意义,例如:

例1:The parties may, through consultation, make amendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises. 双方可在必要时通过协商修改本合同。

例2:This Agreement is made and entered into by and between ABC Co. and DEF Co. ABC公司和DEF公司双方签订本协议。

例3: Each party to this Agreement shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Agreement. 本协议双方应履行协议规定的义务。

例4:This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto. 本协议以及本协议规定的权利和义务,未经另一方同意不得擅自转让。

例5:The amendments to or alterations of this Contract become effect only after they are signed by both parties and approved by the original approving authorities. 本合同的修改只有在双方签字并在原审批主管机关批准后才能生效。

现将常见的并列同义词用法列举如下:

4.人们熟识的单词被赋予新的含义

例如:

例1:The credit shall be payable against presentation of draft drawn on the opening bank and the shipping documents specific in Article 13 hereof. 信用证凭开户银行所开汇票和第十三款规定的装运单据支付。

img9

此处against不是“对抗、反对”之意,而是“凭借,根据”的意思。

例2:Upon receipt of the sellers’ delivery advice, the buyers shall, 15-20 days prior to the delivery date, open a transferable, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the sellers for an amount equivalent to the total amount of the shipment.(收到卖方的交货通知,买方应在交货期15至20天前,开具一个以卖方为受益人的可转让的不可撤销的信用证,金额与发票总额等值。)

可见,在商务合同中,advice不是“建议、忠告”之意,而是“通知”的意思,in favor of不是“赞同、偏爱”的意思,而是“以……为受益人”“以……为收款人”之意。

例3:Insurance should be covered by the buyer against all risks买方应投保一切险。

又如,collection, confirm, accept, tolerance, more or less, subject to, save这些词在日常英语中通常分别理解为“收集”、“确认”、“接受”、“承受”、“大约”、“忍受”、“节约”,但在合同英语中这些词语则是国际贸易术语,可分别译为“托收”、“保兑”(如confirmed L/C),“承兑”(如documents against acceptance)、“公差”、“溢短装”、“基于……作为条件”及“除……以外”。

二、商务合同的句法特征

1.多用长的陈述句、被动句和名词性结构

商务合同旨在明确陈述和规定签约各方的权利和义务,而非提出疑问或者商榷,因此商务合同所使用的句型具有局限性、明确性和很强的客观性,多用长的陈述句、被动句和名词性结构,少用祈使句,不用疑问句和感叹句。在翻译时,应针对不同情况灵活运用顺译法、逆序法、拆译法、重组法等技巧进行处理。例如:

例1:The prices stated are based on current freight rates, any increase or decrease in freight rates at time of shipment is to be the benefit of the buyer; with the seller assuming the payment of all transportation charges to the point or place of delivery.

这个长句里面有一个with引导的介词结构,翻译时可采用拆译法,将其译为两个独立的句子:合同价格是以现行运费计算,装运时运费的增减均属买方。卖方则承担至交货地的全部运费。

例2:All profits paid by the company to Party C, all salaries and allowances paid by the company to foreign personnel, all direct expenses incurred as a result of the technology and transfer and which must be paid by the company to Party C in foreign currency and all other payments that must be made by the company in foreign currency shall be made in United States Dollars or some other freely convertible currency that is mutually agreed upon.

上述句子的逻辑语序与汉语逻辑语序基本相同,可以采用顺译法翻译如下:

该公司支付给C方的利润,外来人员的工资、津贴和因技术转让而发生的应以外币支付的直接费用,以及所有其他应以外币支付的款项,应以美元或相互同意的可自由兑换的货币支付。

例3:Any dispute arising from the execution of, or in connection with the agreement, shall be settled through friendly consultations between the two parties.

大量使用名词化结构是商务合同的另一个特点。名词化是指将形容词转换成名词或将动词变成名词的过程。这里的execution由execute而来,正式程度较动词高。本句可译为:在合同执行中引起的或与本合同有关的争议应由双方通过友好协商解决。

例4:If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.

本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified... against... the other Party and the company。If引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。That引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。基于以上分析,再结合汉语的行文习惯(条件在前,结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前),即可翻译成:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。

2.多用现在时态和直接表达式

尽管合同的条款是规定签约以后的事项,通常仍以使用现在时态为原则,例如:

例1:Before completion of the project,Party A may at any time increase or decrease the amount of work of the project. 在工程竣工之前,甲方可以随时增加或减少工程数量。

上述条款是规定签约以后的事项,但是不用将来时态而用现在时态。

例2:A: This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full. 本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。

B: This Article applies only to bondholders who have been Paid in full. 本条款适用于已经全部偿付了债券的持有者。

相比较而言,合同中应使用B句——直接表达式。3. 能以一个动词表达的就用一个单独的动词,避免使用与其同义的动词短语。例如:例1:Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract. 甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。如果我们用“appoint”取代“make an appointment of”这句话将变得更为简洁、有力。例2: Party A will give consideration to Party B’s proposal of exclusive agency. 甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。

应用“consider”取代第二句中的“give consideration to”。

三、商务合同常使用复杂的句型结构

商务合同文体中句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分不仅多,而且常居于明显的位置,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充,一则可以体现这种文体庄严的风格、严谨的结构和清晰的逻辑条理;二则可以对履行权利与义务的条件、方式、地点以及时间等进行限制,从而避免漏洞,防止今后可能发生的争端,维护双方的合法利益。常见的典型的结构包括:

1.条件状语从句

合同条文规定双方应该履行的义务外,还要考虑各种可能发生的情况和应急办法,所以合同条款中有较多的条件句,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等中更是屡见不鲜,我们最常见的是用if, should, unless, provided that, in the event of/that, in case of/that等连词表示。例如:

例1: If the Force Majeure event lasts over 40 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract or the undelivered part of the Contract.

若不可抗力事件持续40天以上,买方有权撤销合同或本合同中未完成的部分。

例2: In case of quality discrepancy, claims shall be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.

若发生质量索赔,买方的索赔必须在货物到达目的港的30天内提出。

例3:Unless otherwise stated thereafter, the accounting principles employed shall be the same as those applied in the preceding years.

除非后文另有明确说明外,所运用的会计原则应与以往各年所应用的会计原则相同。

例4:Should no settlement be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (Beijing) and the rules of this Commission shall be applied.

如协商不能解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。

2.时间状语从句

在合同英语中,表示时间的连词有两个(after, before)是非常重要的,这两个词的翻译方法要合乎法律文书的行文习惯。

例1: After the Buyer receives the relative documents issued by the Shipping Company, the Buyer shall pay to the Seller within 20 (twenty) days.

买方应在收到船公司出具的有关单据之日起,20天内向卖方支付款项。(after在此译为“……之日起”)

例2:Both Parties shall apply to their respective government authorities for approval before the Contract is officially signed.

合同双方应分别向本国的政府当局申请,经批准后,才能签订正式合同。(before在此译为“……后,才能……”)

3.定语从句

例1:The Seller must deliver goods which are free from any right of claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property.

Which 引导的定语从句修饰goods,可译为:卖方所交之物必须是任何第三方均不能根据工业产权或其他知识产权享有任何权利或提出任何要求的货物。

例2:A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance.

句中有两个连环定语,第一个修饰offer,第二个修饰terms,前者译成前置定语,后者译成条件分句:对发价表示接受但载有添加或不同条件的答复,如所载之添加或不同的条件在实质上并不更改该项发价之条件,乃构成接受。

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