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商务经贸翻译概论

时间:2022-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第一章 商务经贸翻译概论一、概述● 了解什么是商务经贸翻译。商务经贸翻译以传达信息为目的,有较强的专业性,区别于传达有较强情感意义和美学意义的文学翻译。因此,翻译商务经贸英语语篇时,译者首先要具有商务专业知识。

第一章 商务经贸翻译概论

一、概述

● 了解什么是商务经贸翻译。

● 掌握商务经贸翻译的特点:

1.专业术语的翻译;

2.普通单词的外贸词义;

3.同一个词语出现在不同的专业领域内,具有不同的概念意义;

4.数字的翻译;

5.行业套语的翻译。

二、课堂练习

对照阅读原文和译文,修改译文的不妥之处。

例1

原文 In 1981, the current account deficit of the 16 largest Third World borrowers totaled$55 billion.Morgan Guaranty Trust estimates that last year the deficit shrank to just $12 billion.

译文 在1981年,第三世界16个最大的债务国经常项目赤字高达550亿美元。据摩根抵押信托公司估计,去年赤字缩减到120亿美元。

例2

原文 By Irrevocable Letter of Credit available by Sellers documentary bill at sight to be valid for negotiation in China until 15 days after date of shipment, the Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers 30 days before the contracted month of shipment.

译文 以不可取消的信用证,凭卖方即期付有单据的票据协商,有效期应为装运期15天后在中国到期,该信用证必须于合同规定的装运月份前30天到达卖方。

例3

原文 从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间内交货,但以买方信用证在3月20日前到达卖方为限。

译文 Shipment during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on Oct.20 subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seller before Mar.20.

例4

原文 乙方保证本合同规定提供的一切专有技术和技术资料的合法所有权并有权向甲方转让。如果发生第三方指控侵权,由乙方负责与第三方交涉并承担法律上和经济上的全部责任

译文 Party B guarantees that he is the legitimate owner of the know-how and Technical Documentation supplied to Party A in accordance with the contract, and that he has the right to transfer them to Party A.If the third party accuses Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter with the third party and bear all the legal and economic responsibility arising therefrom.

三、商务经贸英语翻译的特点

在介绍商务经贸英语的翻译特点之前,让我们首先界定一下什么是商务经贸翻译。商务经贸翻译以传达信息为目的,有较强的专业性,区别于传达有较强情感意义和美学意义的文学翻译。作为一种专门用途英语的翻译,商务经贸翻译主要涉及与外贸活动相关的一些文本材料的翻译,包括商标词的翻译,商业广告的翻译、业务信函的翻译、涉外合同的翻译、经贸报刊文章的翻译、商务案例的翻译、外事讲话的翻译、商品说明书的翻译以及其他商务应用文的翻译等,所牵涉的语言面广,如外交语言、宣传语言、商业语言、法律语言、科技语言等。

本书的对象是那些对翻译有基本了解或经过至少一学期的翻译实践入门的学习者。因此,本书不再讲解基本的翻译技巧,而是集中介绍和探讨几种主要的商务经贸英语文体的翻译:商务广告、商务信函、商务合同、商务报刊文章、商务案例以及商务应用文等。由于商标的翻译在经济交流的今天日益重要,我们也专辟了一章来探讨有关商标翻译的方法以及应注意的事项。

从理论上来说,商务经贸翻译与一般的英汉翻译在总的翻译标准与要求方面有一致性:译文既要忠实于原文的内容,文字又要自然、通顺,尽量避免翻译腔。英汉翻译的一般理论和技巧在多数情况下也可以应用到商务翻译当中去。但是由于商务经贸英语所涉及的都是商务经贸活动,其语言具有浓厚的商务特色,因此商务经贸英语作为一种专门英语又有不同于一般英语的翻译特点,其特点扼要介绍如下:

1.专业术语的翻译

商务经贸英语涉及一定的专门知识,有自己特有的表达方式和行业术语。因此,翻译商务经贸英语语篇时,译者首先要具有商务专业知识。比如,在翻译有关商务信函时,译者应该了解价格术语如FOB、CIF、CFR等贸易术语的含义。对于商品的品名、品质、包装、价格、装运、保险、支付、商检、合同、索赔、不可抗力、谈判、仲裁等术语要有清楚的概念,避免翻译时外行话连篇。如果没有专门知识,有时即使每个单词都认识,也不能保证翻译准确无误。例如,

例1

After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment:“Partial Shipments and Transshipment Allowed.”

译文 经过仔细核对信用证,兹要求贵方做如下修改:“允许部分转运和转船。”

“Partial Shipments”译为“部分转运”欠妥,行话应是“分批”。

例2

The Credit which evidences shipment of 2 000 tons of steels may be used against presentation of the shipping documents.

译文 该信用证证明装两千吨钢材凭提交装船单据使用。

商务英语中,特别是与信用证一起出现时,“use”指“议付”而非“使用”。

例3

The shipping documents for the consignment are now with us and we shall be glad if you will arrange to collect them.

译文 货运单据现在我行,请安排前来领取。

此处的“collect”并非一般英语中的“领取”之意,而是商务术语“赎单”。

下面再举几例,注意斜体部分的单词的含义:

例4

The duplicate shipping document s including bill of lad ing, invoice, packing list and inspection certification were airmailed to you today.

译文 包括提单、发票装箱单和检验证书在内的装运单据副本今日航邮贵处。

例5

The credit shall be payable against presentation of draf t drawn on the opening bank and the shipping documents specified in article 13 hereof.

译文 信用证凭开户银行所开汇票和第十三款规定的装运单据支付。.

例6

Upon receipt of the seller’s advice, the buyers shall, 15~20 days prior to the delivery date, open a transferable, divisible, irrevocable letter of credit in favour of the sellers for an amount equivalent to the total amount of the shipment.

译文 一俟收到卖方的交货通知,买方应在交货期15至20天前,开具以卖方为受益人的、可转让的、可分期的、不可撤销的信用证,数额等同于交运货物的价格总额。

2.普通单词的外贸词义

在商务语篇中,除了大量涉及商贸活动的专业词汇外,还有一类词汇的翻译需要译者特别注意:即一般词汇在商务英语中的意义。例如下面这些句子中划线部分的单词用的都不是普通词义,而是其外贸词义。

例7

We wish to cover the goods against All Risks.

译文 我们对该货投保全险。

在商业信函中,尤其涉及保险业务中,“cover”是“对……投保”的意思。

例8

At present, we cannot entertain your counteroffer, as our price is quite reasonable.

译文 因我们的价格订得相当合理,故目前不打算考虑贵方的还盘。

“entertain”在商务语篇中作“考虑”解,而非其一般常用意义“招待”或“款待”。

例9

We insist that you should keep your word by establishi ng the relevant L/C on time.

译文 我们坚持你方应该信守诺言,按时开出信用证。

“establish”与信用证连用时,指“开出”,而非其一般意义“建立”。

例10

As we are in the market for color TV sets, we should be pleased if you would send us your best quotations for Panda color TV sets of 19 and 21 inches.

译文 我方欲购买彩色电视机,请报19和21英寸熊猫牌彩色电视机的最低价。

在上述商务语篇中,“in the market”和“quotations”分别指“购买”和“报价”。

例11

Should you find interest in any of the items in our catalogue, please do not hesitate to send your enquiries.

译文 如对目录中的任何项目感兴趣,请径直寄来询盘。

“enquiry”在商业信函中,指“询盘”而非“询问”。

例12

Your claim should be supported by sufficient evidence.

译文 你方索赔须有充分证据。

在索赔函中“claim”为“索赔”,而非“理由”。

3.同一个词语出现在不同的专业领域内,具有不同的概念意义

在商务翻译中,译者还应注意一词多义现象,尤其是在不同的商务语篇和业务范畴中,一个词与不同的词搭配,具有不同的意义。例如,

例13

Owing to the late arrival of your offer, we have already placed our order elsewhere.

译文 由于你方报盘迟达,我方已从他处订货。

The bill of lading is to be made out toorder and blank endorsed.

译文 该提单应做成空白抬头和空白背书。

在具体实务中,order 为“订单”,在银行业务中,order为“ (票据的)抬头”。

例14

The above-quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets.

译文 上述报价的商品均需求量巨大,已在世界各地市场上赢得很高的声誉。

The articles in this agreement must not be modified and amended without the agreement by the both parties.

译文 本协议中所列条款未经双方一致同意不得变动和修改。

在货物买卖的语境中,article为“商品”,在合同文件中,article为“条款”。

例15

Industrial averages were up.

译文 工业股票的平均价格在上涨。

例16

Average is of two kinds; General Average and Particular Average.

译文 海损有两种,一种是共同海损,另一种是单独海损

average在不同的专业领域具有截然不同的含义。在股票用语中average为“ (若干种股票的)平均价格”,在保险业中,average为“海损费用”。

类似的例子还有很多,如:

exclusive territory 独占区域

exclusive contract 专销合同

exclusive sales contract 包销合同

exclusive economic zone 专属经济区

instrument of payment 支付工具

instrument of pledge 抵押契据

instrument of ratification 批准证书

instrument of acquisition 购置凭证

instrument of credit control 信用管制手段

4.数字的翻译

在商务语篇中,数字出现的频率比较多。由于数字在英汉两种语言中都有自己的说法,翻译时需要遵循译入语的数字表达习惯,换算时一定要谨慎,避免出错。例如,汉英两种语言在“千”以上便没有相对应的数量单位。汉语里有“万”和“亿”,在英语里是ten thousand 和hundred million;英语里有million 和billion,在汉语里则是“百万”和“十亿”。翻译数字时还需要特别注意和数字有关的动词、介词、形容词、副词。比如,“增加到”和“增加了”不能混用;“是……的几倍”和“增加了几倍”也不同。举例来说:

例17

It has been calculated that by the year 2005 China would be consuming annually twice the entire present output of oil of all the OPEC countries put together.

译文 预测到2005年,中国每年消费的石油就比石油输出国组织全体成员国目前全部产量大两倍。

译文中的倍数译成“比……大两倍”是错误的,如果扣除基数,实际上仅大了一倍。

例18

Since 1978, when China began opening its economy to increased foreign investment and trade, aggregate output has more than doubled.

译文 自从1978年以来,中国经济为日益增加的外国投资和贸易敞开大门,总产量增加了两倍多。

Double表示翻一番,“增加了一倍”而不是“增加了两倍”。

在商务信函和合同中,数字的翻译更是要求精确,不容丝毫疏忽。这是因为数字一般牵涉到时间、价格、数量、金额、规格等贸易双方最为关心的问题,一旦出错,会给一方带来巨大的经济损失。请看下面的两个例子:

例19

The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.

译文 卖方须于6月15日前将货物交给买方。

“by June 15”应包含6月15日在内,译为“6月15日前”不够精确。

例20

The market here for this product is active, and the best price we can offer is US$150 or over per long ton.

译文 该产品在本地的销售看好,我方出价可达每长吨150美元以上。

原文的金额为“US$150 or over per long ton”,应包括150美元这一价位,译文表达不够严谨,影响了公司的报价。

5.行业套语的翻译

由于商务英语与实际商务活动有着紧密的联系,用词用句约定俗成,有其特有的惯用套语。翻译时采用相应的译入语套语,能使译文在风格上符合商务文体,易为商务人员所接受。例如,

例21

Your prompt attention to this matter will be highly appreciated.

译文 若能及时处理此问题,将不胜感激。

例22

Full information as to prices, quality, quantity available and other relative particulars would be appreciated.

译文 请详告价格、质量、可供数量和其他有关情况。

例23

We have pleasure in enclosing our Sales Confirmation No.2019 in duplicate, one of which please sigh and return to us for our file.

译文 特此附寄我方第2019号销售确认书一式两份,请会签一份并退寄我方以供存档。

例24

In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Contract to be executed in accordance with their respective law the day and year first above written.

译文 兹证明:本合同由双方于上述规定时间,依据各自国家的法律所签订。

例25

The Buyers and the Sellers have reached an agreement, whereby it is agreed that the Buyers undertake to buy and the Sellers undertake to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as stipulated here below:

译文 买方和卖方按下列规定条款达成协议。据此,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售下列商品:

类似的短语还有:

on the basis of invoice value 以发票金额为基础

as per the seller’s sample 按照卖方样品

It is subject to our final confirmation.以我方最后确认有效。

Unless otherwise agreed in writing between the parties hereto 除双方另有书面协议外

In case of any dispute arising regarding… 如双方就……(问题)发生争议

总之,商务经贸英语的翻译有其自身的特点。合格的商务译者既要具备较强的语言表达能力,又要懂专业知识,通晓商务活动的术语和行话。在遵循一般翻译的原则和标准的同时,译者还应根据不同商务语篇的类型,灵活运用翻译技巧,体现出商务用语的特色,遣辞造句符合商界的表达习惯,确保译文既有专业水准,又能够真正起到沟通和交流的作用。

四、课后翻译作业

阅读并翻译下面的短文,注意术语翻译的准确性(特别提示:每次翻译作业包括翻译和翻译日志两部分。翻译日志记录自己查阅了什么资料,得到什么启发,自己是如何确定某个词、短语、句子的翻译方法的,在调查研究中有什么有趣的发现等)。

Pay as You Earn

Every week, every employed man and woman in Britain has to pay the State a certain sum of money as a compulsory contribution for National Insurance and National Health, in return for which the State provides certain allowances and services, e.g.in times of sickness or unemployment.The contribution is deducted from salary by the employer, who normally holds a card for each of his employees on which he has to stick National Insurance Stamps bought from the Post Office.These stamps actually cost considerably more than the amount paid by the employee; the employer has to pay the rest.Self-employed persons buy their own stamps at special rates.

It should be noted that everyone has to pay these contributions, whether or not he has occasion to use the benefits he is entitled to.It is thus quite possible for one person, a healthy bachelor for example, to pay in more than he eventually gets out in the form of benefits; while another person, such as a sickly husband with a large family, may get out much more than he pays in.This sharing of risks is the essential feature of insurance.The advantage of insurance to everybody, healthy bachelor and sickly husband alike, is protection and security.

As well as these deductions for national insurance, many people suffer a further deduction from their salary for income tax.The amount payable varies according to salary and domestic circumstances.Income tax is imposed for the year of assessment beginning on 6 April.For 1991-1992 the basic rate of 25 per cent applies to the first £23 700 of taxable income.A rate of 40 per cent applies to income above this level.These rates apply to total income, including both earned and investment income.

A number of personal allowances and reliefs reduce the amount of a person’s taxable income compared with gross income.All taxpayers, irrespective of sex or marital status, are entitled to a personal allowance against income from all sources.Married women pay their own tax on basis of their own income.In addition, there is married couple’s allowance, which goes to the husband in the first instance.However, if his income is not high enough to use it in full, he can transfer the unused portion to his wife, to set against her income.The current values of the main allowances are £3 295 for the personal allowance and £1 720 for the married couple’s allowance.

The personal inequalities of wealth and income are partly reduced through the tax system.As yet there is no tax on capital assets, but when a person dies a proportion of his assets is transferred to the state in the form of death duties, which amount to 10% on an estate of£20 000, 50% on the whole of an estate of £100 000, and 80% on a million pounds or more; but many rich people transfer part of their assets to their families long before they die.Great inequality persists.It may be less than in many other Western countries, and it is certainly declining.

五、翻译知识拓展

翻译的过程

翻译的过程可以分为三步:理解原文、表达译文和修改—润饰译文。

理解原文时,译者不要急于翻译,而应尽量使用原语思维来透彻理解原文,因为正确理解是翻译的基础,理解如果有误,翻译的质量就难以保证。之所以在理解原文阶段要使用原语思维,是为了避免受到译入语“对等词”和原语句式结构的干扰,同时还能结合上下文,正确理解原文的疑难点。

表达的过程是译者把自己所理解的内容正确、完整而又尽量自然地传译出来的过程,同时也是译者运用翻译技巧从一种语言转换到另一种语言的过程。译者表达的好坏不仅取决于正确的理解,也取决于译者的译语水平、语言转换能力、正确的翻译方法和知识面。表达过程中,译者应尽量避免两种不良倾向:一是生搬硬套词典上的释意,二是随意增删原文。生搬硬套和随意增删都会歪曲原作,使译文读者看不到原作的真貌,达不到翻译的目的。

表达过程结束后进入修改—润饰译文阶段。修改—润饰译文这一环节常为初学翻译者所不重视,但译文的质量与译者在这一步是否下功夫有很大关系。正如写作不可能是一蹴而就的一样,好的翻译也是译者改出来的。只有通过反复修改,译文才能通畅自然地准确传达原文之意,达到翻译的标准。

修改—润饰译文的具体操作步骤如下:

● 逐字逐句核对原文,防止遗漏、歪曲和节外生枝。

● 只读译文,发现不通顺、难理解处,再去核对原文并修改这些地方的译文。因为译文不通顺、难理解处翻译肯定有问题:不是理解有误,就是表达不够清楚,所以这些地方特别需要译者花费心思。

● 冷却译文一段时间,再润饰译文,删除赘词冗句。译者在经过理解、表达和初步修改译文后,可能产生一种兴奋或疲惫的状态。在此种状态下,译者难以发现译文中的问题。这时译者最好将译文冷却一段时间,才能较为客观地以读者的身份来重新评价自己的译文、发现问题并加以修改。

● 再核对原文,防止润饰译文过程中有不忠实于原文之处。

● 如果有可能,在定稿之前,译者可以大声朗读自己的译文,通过口耳发现眼睛漏掉的问题;或者请人阅读或为他人阅读,让他们指出不易理解或感到别扭的地方,再做最后的修改。

只有经过反复修改的译文,才能既忠实于原文的意义和风格,又能为译入语读者所理解和认可,完成翻译是跨越不同语言和文化桥梁的使命。

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