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政治权威的理想化与现实的挫败

时间:2022-03-17 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:两方面心理与文化因素的结合在中国人心目中建立起一个理想化的政治权威。显然,政治权威的理想化让中国人对“政治权威所能取得的实际成就产生出一种幻觉”[56]和不合实际的期待。
政治权威的理想化与现实的挫败_历史、文化与人格:白鲁恂心理文化分析法研究

三、政治权威的理想化与现实的挫败

一方面,政治权威是家庭权威——父权——在政治领域的投射,中国人很自然地将儿童时期持有的对家庭权威的看法转移到政治权威身上。另一方面,文化传统赋予政治极高价值,传统的权力观又认为“拥有权力的人比一般人能够掌控更多的影响力,能做到的事情也更多”[55],政治权力所能发生的作用范围因此被夸大。两方面心理与文化因素的结合在中国人心目中建立起一个理想化的政治权威。这个权威代表了道德的最高水平,同时无所不能,无所不知。更重要的是,它应该承担为所有家庭与民众谋福利的责任

显然,政治权威的理想化让中国人对“政治权威所能取得的实际成就产生出一种幻觉”[56]和不合实际的期待。遗憾的是,随着年轻人逐渐长大,他们越来越强烈地意识到,现实中的权威,无论是家庭权威还是社会上的权威,都不符合他们的期待。早期社会化中寄予理想权威的深深期待与后期社会化中发现的现实权威之间的强烈反差,激起挑战权威的愿望,但这里面却蕴藏着强烈的紧张情绪。一方面,孝的文化传统以及个人对权威与秩序之依赖的基本需求给人们挑战权威带来强大的心理压力;另一方面,恰恰出于这种心理压力,种种对于权威的深深的敌意生发出来。

这种紧张情绪从两个方向加深了现代化过程中的权威危机。其一,由于那种深深的敌意不能任意、安全地表达出来,尤其是跟自己最接近的权威,为安全计,家庭以外的社会与政治权威成为替代性攻击对象。其二,为满足依附感的心理欲求,人们对理想化权威的期待将更加迫切。然而现代化过程在为挑战权威提供更多渠道,使政治成为攻击性情绪合法宣泄口的同时,却始终未能提供符合理想化权威形象的政治权威。欲求理想化权威而不得的挫败感,反过来进一步强化了针对政治权威的攻击性情绪。来回作用的结果,是权威危机的步步深化。

因此,除非中国人权威观中的道德期待能够回归政治现实,否则,渴求理想化权威而不得的权威危机很难彻底解决。然而道德与权威的结合来自中国政治文化数千年的传承。这正是中国的权威危机更为深刻之处。

【注释】

[1]“政治发展”与“现代化”这两个概念,白鲁恂基本上作为同义语使用。本书为取得与白鲁恂在表述上的一致,也将这两个概念作为同义语互换使用。

[2]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:ix.

[3]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:5.

[4]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:1.

[5]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:2.

[6]白鲁恂在《政治、人格与民族国家建设:寻求认同的缅甸人》的第二章中详细列举了转型社会的17项特征:(1)政治未与社会、个人关系领域发生明显分化;(2)政党往往持一种世界性的观念,自认为代表全部生活方式;(3)派系盛行;(4)政治效忠的概念令政治领导人具有高度的决策自由;(5)反对党和雄心勃勃的精英往往以革命者的行动露面;(6)缺乏统一的沟通体系,政治参与少有整合;(7)新的力量大量、迅速地承担政治角色;(8)代际之间存在尖锐的政治取向分歧;(9)在政治行动的合理目标与手段上缺乏共识;(10)热烈而广泛的政治讨论与政治决策没有关联;(11)高度的角色转换性;(12)具有特定功能的、明确组织起来的利益集团很少;(13)国家领导人必须面向未分化的公众;(14)领导人在国际问题上的立场比在国内问题上的立场更鲜明;(15)政治情感与表达的重要性胜于解决问题或公共决策;(16)魅力型领导盛行;(17)政治过程的运行多半未有政治掮客参与其中。Lucian W.Pye,Politics,Personality,and Nation Building:Burma's Search for Identity,New Haven:Yale University Press,1962:15-31.

[7]鲁恂·W.派伊著,任晓、王元译:《政治发展面面观》,天津人民出版社,2009:24。

[8]Lucian W.Pye,Traumatized Political Cultures:The After Effects of Totalitarianism in China and Russia,Japanese Journal of Political Science,2000,1(1):115.

[9]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:viii.

[10]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:54.

[11]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:55.

[12]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:56.

[13]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:36-37.

[14]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:49.

[15]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:49.

[16]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:57.

[17]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:ix.

[18]1966年,白鲁恂所著的《政治发展面面观》出版。白鲁恂依据社会科学研究理事会(SSRC)比较政治分委员会成员提出的将政治发展概念动态性地过程化为六个危机的建议,归纳出认同危机、合法性危机、贯彻危机、参与危机、整合危机、分配危机。并指出,这些危机在政治发展的过程中会按不同次序出现,要想成为现代化的民族国家,必须成功地解决所有这些危机。参见鲁恂·W.派伊著,任晓、王元译:《政治发展面面观》,天津人民出版社,2009:80-81。

[19]鲁恂·W.派伊著,任晓、王元译:《政治发展面面观》,天津人民出版社,2009:226。

[20]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:6.

[21]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:6.

[22]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:58.

[23]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:62.

[24]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:63.

[25]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:63.

[26]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:64.

[27]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:64.

[28]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:12.

[29]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:13.

[30]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:16.

[31]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:24-27.

[32]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:29.

[33]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:30.

[34]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:30.

[35]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:32.

[36]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:67.

[37]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:81.

[38]弱者通过展示自己受到的羞辱,激起群情愤怒,会让施加羞辱的强者感到难堪甚至受到打击,这就意味着弱者获得了打击强者的力量。

[39]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:33.

[40]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:88.

[41]Lucian W.Pye,Asian Power and Politics:The Cultural Dimensions of Authority,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press,1985:63.

[42]Lucian W.Pye,Asian Power and Politics:The Cultural Dimensions of Authority,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press,1985:65.

[43]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:85.

[44]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:91.

[45]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:93.

[46]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:97.

[47]关于这一点,白鲁恂在《中国政治的精神》中用墨不多,但在《亚洲权力与政治》以及其他著作与文章中作了更加具体的说明。

[48]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:86.

[49]Lucian W.Pye,Asian Power and Politics:The Cultural Dimensions of Authority,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press,1985:34.

[50]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:97-98.

[51]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:86.

[52]需要特别指出的是,白鲁恂不止一次地强调:中国人性格中对权威的态度与西方人的权威主义人格不完全相符。他认为,中国人既是权威主义的,又是反权威主义的。其中原因在于中国人始终保持着对权威的道德判断,以及对弹性的欣赏等。参见Lucian W.Pye,The Dynamics of Chinese Politics,Cambridge,Mass.:Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain,Pub.Inc.,1981:187。

[53]白鲁恂认为,尽管社会化的最终目的是成为自律的典范,但自律终究不能完全做到,对外在权威的需要因而也总是存在着。由于个人的自律非常依赖外在权威,如果出现权威的缺如,必定会危及人格自身。Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:97.

[54]Lucian W.Pye,The Spirit of Chinese Politics:A Psychocultural Study of the Authority Crisis in Political Development,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992:98.

[55]Lucian W.Pye,Asian Power and Politics:The Cultural Dimensions of Authority,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press,1985:24.

[56]Lucian W.Pye,Asian Power and Politics:The Cultural Dimensions of Authority,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press,1985:182.

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