首页 理论教育 基因肿瘤标记物

基因肿瘤标记物

时间:2022-04-22 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:分子生物学研究的进步已有可能在基因水平诊断癌症,还可通过检测与癌变有关的基因标记物来判定肿瘤的组织分化程度、进展情况或抗癌药的耐药性等,帮助制定治疗方针及预测预后。ras基因产物p21蛋白阳性表达率为75%,其表达与胆管癌的生长部位、组织类型均无关。C-myc基因突变可发生在胆囊癌的早期,与肿瘤组织分化类型或浸润程度无明显相关。

分子生物学研究的进步已有可能在基因水平诊断癌症,还可通过检测与癌变有关的基因标记物来判定肿瘤的组织分化程度、进展情况或抗癌药的耐药性等,帮助制定治疗方针及预测预后。以下是目前与胆系肿瘤密切相关的基因肿瘤标记物。

(一)K-ras

K-ras基因是位于染色体12p12.1上的编码21KD(p21)蛋白的编码基因,p21的活性化在传达细胞外源性增殖信号中作用重要。变异型p21与正常型p21相比,其GTPase活性明显低下,认为与癌变有关。近30%的人类肿瘤有ras基因的异常表达,且发生于癌变前期。Imai等用改良的PCR方法,发现从胆囊上皮过度增生到不典型增生以至癌变的过程中都可以检测到ras基因突变,其中不典型增生中的突变率高达73%。Matusbara发现在胆囊的癌肿、增生及炎性上皮中K-ras基因突变率分别为80%、58%和44%,提示高表达者癌变的可能性增高。如今对胆囊癌发病机制的认识大多主张是一个胆囊上皮增生、不典型增生、癌前病变、原位癌的过程,因此K-ras基因的过表达可作为识别癌前病变的有效标志。Tada等用PCR加DNA直接测序法分析5例肝门部胆管癌ras基因突变,结果ras基因突变的阳性率为100%(5/5),肝门部胆管癌与下段胆管癌ras突变率显著差异,作者推测上下段胆管癌的致癌机制不同。ras基因产物p21蛋白阳性表达率为75%,其表达与胆管癌的生长部位、组织类型均无关。

(二)C-erbB2

C-erbB2即Nell和HER-2基因,位于人染色体17q21上,编译细胞膜上与酪氨酸激酶相关的糖蛋白,在结构上与表皮生长因子(EGF)高度相似。多种肿瘤组织尤其腺癌存在着C-erbB2基因突变,Yukawo报道其阳性率在胆囊炎为11%,胆囊癌达40%~60%,指出C-erbB2参与了胆囊黏膜上皮细胞向癌变演化的过程,但也有人认为该基因的突变可能是胆囊癌发展的后期表现。Motojima等分析了68例胆管癌标本,发现p185在胆管癌中高度表达(68%),并与预后、生存时间相关,p185阳性患者的生存时间短,可作为判断胆管癌患者预后的指标。

(三)C-myc

C-myc基因表达可能是使细胞进入S期的关键,也参与转录调节、DNA结合等,发挥它在凋亡中的功能。Voravud等分析63例胆管癌,C-mycP62阳性表达率为94%(59/63),阳性表达率与分化程度有关,高分化胆管癌的染色强度和阳性率均高于低分化胆管癌,尚与其部位(肝内型、肝外型)无关。有研究用免疫组化法检测103例原发性胆囊癌和23例转移性胆囊癌组织的C-myc基因,阳性率分别为40%、82%。C-myc基因突变可发生在胆囊癌的早期,与肿瘤组织分化类型或浸润程度无明显相关。

(四)p53

癌基因p53的突变以及所致异常蛋白过量表达均与癌变有关。胆囊癌细胞p53突变率为47%~92%,且癌组织分化越差,突变蛋白表达越强。约44.7%的胆囊原位癌和32.1%的胆囊上皮发育不良存在p53蛋白过度表达,故对其检测有利于胆囊癌的早期诊断。Arora等对28例胆管癌标本和16例对照组分析,发现胆管癌85.7%(24/28)过度表达p53蛋白,强阳性染色为22例,而肿瘤周围的正常胆管上皮和对照组均为阴性染色。可见p53可作为胆管癌临床诊断的指标之一。

(五)p27kip1

p27kip1是新近发现的一种肿瘤抑制基因,能够抑制CDK从而抑制细胞G1到S期的转化,阻断细胞增殖和肿瘤形成。而p27kip1细胞增殖失控是肿瘤组织最显著的特点。Hui用免疫组化法检测到胆囊组织中p27kip1基因的低表达,8例正常胆囊上皮、8例腺瘤和6例癌前病变均为阴性,而37例胆囊癌组织中16例阳性。由于p27kip1基因的低表达还与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移密切相关,有可能成为评估胆囊癌发展和预后的新指标。

(六)p16Ink4、p15Ink4B

p16Ink4为一种细胞周期调节蛋白,能抑制细胞从G1期到S期。在原发性胆管癌中,研究发现p16Ink4基因突变率为63%,突变率较p53(1/16)和K-ras基因(1/25)高,说明p16Ink4在胆管癌发生中起重要作用。研究表明p16Ink4与Rb、cyclinD和CKD共同组成一个反馈调节圈,对胆管癌的发生有一定作用。对42例胆管癌的研究发现,高分化和未转移癌cyclinD1、CDK4、Rb阳性率明显低于未分化和转移癌,而p16Ink4表达则相反,提示p16Ink4与Rb、cyclinD 和CKD表达与肝外胆管癌发生发展、生物学特性和预后可能有关。p15是p16的相邻基因,编码CDK4的同源蛋白CDK4家族。Yoshida等发现2株胆管癌细胞株中均有p15的缺失,但在25例原发性胆管癌中未发现p15突变,因未做p15基因缺失的检测,故尚不能明确p15在胆管癌发生中的作用。胆囊癌中p16Ink4基因突变率为80%(8/10),高于肝外其他肿瘤。

(七)DPC4/Smad抑癌基因

DPC4基因定位于18号染色体(18q21.1),为Smad蛋白家族成员,参与转化因子p(TGFp)的信号传导。Hahn等用PCR-SSCP法分析了32例胆管癌,发现16%有DPC4的点突变,其中胆总管癌的突变率为50%,提示DPC4基因突变可能在胆管癌的发生发展中起重要作用。

(八)肝门部胆管癌的相关抗原

肿瘤相关抗原是由肿瘤细胞分泌或异常表达产生,应用单克隆抗体技术可以检测和发现多种肿瘤相关抗原。检测肿瘤相关抗原可用于肝门部胆管癌高危人群普查、临床诊断、复发监测和判断预后等。其中对肝门部胆管癌敏感性较高的有CEA、CA242、CA50、CA19-9。CEA(癌胚抗原)水平在胆管癌病人胆汁中很高,血清中CEA水平对胆管癌的诊断既不灵敏也无特异性;CA50与CA19-9有较好的相关性,诊断敏感性为94.5%,特异性为33.3%;CA242对鉴别胆管癌与恶性病变所致梗阻性黄疸病人有较大价值。国内制备的兔抗CCRA-IgG诊断胆管癌的阳性率为77.8%,特异性为95%~100%,明显优于上述的肿瘤相关抗原,为今后肝门部胆管癌的早期诊断提供了有意义的依据。

(九)增殖抗原Ki-67

Boberg等应用免疫组化发现,19例胆管癌合并原发性硬化性胆管炎Ki-67阳性率29%,明显高于原发性硬化性胆管炎的阳性率12%。Rijken等用MIB-1抗体检测Ki-67的阳性表达,发现低MIB-1指数(<20%)与生存期有关,得出Ki-67阳性率≥20%与低生存期有联系。Ki-67增殖指数反映了胆管癌细胞的增殖活性,是判断胆管癌患者预后的有价值的指标之一。

(十)端粒酶

端粒酶在癌细胞中特异性较高,因而它在基因诊断和治疗领域备受关注。Niiyama等用半定量法测定,发现40%的胆管癌中端粒酶高表达,而良性胆道疾病未表达。ER-CP和PTC获得的活检标本中75%的胆管癌中端粒酶高表达,而胆石症标本未表达。

(十一)IL-6

IL-6是一种184氨基酸多效性细胞因子,可促进急性炎症反应,在正常情况下其血清值不能测出。Goydos等发现92.9%肝细胞癌、100%胆管癌、53.8%结直肠癌肝转移(MCRC)和40%良性胆道疾病(BBD)的患者血清可测出IL-6,其平均值分别为32.7、1272.6、138.1和2.2pgml。IL-6作为血清标志物的阳性判断值:胆管癌为83.3%、肝细胞癌为81.3%、MCRC 为82.4%、BBD为40%,其中胆管癌IL-6增高的灵敏度为100%,特异性为91.4%。胆管癌患者血清IL-6值与肿瘤负荷量呈正相关,其活性平均值和中位值均明显高于其他肿瘤。因此,IL-6可能是诊断胆管癌较理想的肿瘤标记物之一。

(陈汝福)

参考文献

[1] 周永昌,郭万学.超声医学.第3版.北京:科学技术出版社,1998.

[2] 张青萍.超声诊断临床指南.第1版.北京:科学出版社,1999.

[3] 张永学,冯敢生.医学影像学与临床.第1版.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1993.

[4] 唐杰,董宝玮.腹部和外周血管彩色多普勒诊断学.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999.

[5] 高士达,何以敉,林礼务,等.壶腹癌的超声诊断分型在外科治疗中的意义.中华超声影像学杂志,2001,9(10):596-598.

[6] 陈敏华,霍苓,廖盛日,等.超声对胆管癌术前分期诊断探讨关于壁浸润程度诊断.中国超声医学杂志,1997,13(9):28.

[7] 梁萍,郝凤鸣,周宁新,等.彩色Doppler及双功能超声对高位胆管癌切除可能性术前评估.中华外科杂志,1994,32(5):259.

[8]Carlo E.Staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with ultrasound.J Clin Ultrasound,1995,23:173.

[9]Ricardo Dedo,Avertano muro,Maria Luisa Prieto.Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma:us characteristics and accuracy in demonstration of tumors.Radiology,1996(3):869.

[10]Chriatensen AH,et al.Benign tumor and pseudotumors of the Gallbladder report of 118Case.Arch Pathol,1970,70:423.

[11]Bach AM,Loring LA,Hann LE,et al.Gallbladder cancer:can ultrasonography evaluate extent of disease?J Ultrasound Med,1998,17:303-309.

[12]Li D,Dong BW,Wu YL,et al.Image-directed and color Doppler studies of gallbladder tumors.J Clin Ultrasound,1994,22:551-555.

[13]杨建勇,陈伟.介入放射学临床实践.第1版.北京:科学出版社,2002:105.

[14]Born P,Rosch T,Bruhl K,et al.Long-term outcome in patients with advanced hilar bile duct tumors undergoing pal-liative endoscopic or percutaneous drainage.Z Gastroenterol,2000,38(6):483-489.

[15]李麟荪,贺能树.介入放射学-非血管性.北京:人民卫生出版社,2001:149.

[16]Brountzos EN,Petropoulos E,Kelekis NL,et al.Malignant biliary obstruction:management with percutaneous metallic stent placement.Hepatogastroenterology,1999,46(29):2764-2771.

[17]Baron TH.Chemotherapy impregnated plastic biliary endoprostheses:one small step for man(agement)of cholangio-carcinoma.Hepatology,2000,32(5):1170-1171.

[18]Landoni N,Wengrower D,Chopita N,et al.Randomized prospective study to compare the efficiency between stan-dard plastic and polyurethane stents in biliary tract malignant obstruction.Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam,2000,30(5):501-504.

[19]D'alincourt A,Hamy A,Thibaud C,et al.Malignant obstructive jaundice:the role of percutaneous metallic stents.Gastroenterol Clin Biol,2000,24(8-9):770-775.

[20]Mayo-Smith WW.Multiple stents in treatment of obstructive jaundice associated with Klatskin's tumor.A JR Am J Roentgenol,1999,173(3):846-847.

[21]Oikarinen H,Leinonen S,Karttunen A,et al.Patency and complications of percutaneously inserted metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction.J Vasc Interv Radiol,1999,10(10):1387-1393.

[22]Saito H,Takamura A.Management of hilar bile duct carcinoma with high-dose radiotherapy and expandable metallic stent placement:Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi,2000,101(5):423-428.

[23]Warwick RJ,Davidson B,Watkinson A.Successful use of a covered nitinol self-expanding stent to seal a malignant fistula of the common bile duct.Clin Radiol,1999,54(6):410-412.

[24]邓耀祖,屈伸.医学分子细胞生物学.北京:科学出版社,2002:417.

[25]陈赛娟.人类基因组研究基本技术.北京:人民军医出版社,2002:2.

[26]张世良,王立东.肿瘤分子细胞遗传学.郑州:郑州大学出版社,2002:182.

[27]Storto PD,Saidman SL,Demetris AJ,et al.Chromosomal breakpoints in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines.Genes Chromosomes Cancer,1990,2(4):300-310.

[28]Kim DG,Park SY,You KR,et al.Establishment and characterization of chromosomal aberrations in Kim human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines by cross-species color banding.Genes Chromosomes Cancer,2001,30(1):48-56.

[29]Rijken AM,Hu J,Perlman EJ,et al.Genomic alterations in distal bile duct carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridization and karyotype analysis.Genes Chromosomes Cancer,1999,26(3):185-191.

[30]Kawaki J,Miyazaki M,Ito H,et al.Allelic loss in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:correlation between chromosome 8p22and tumor progression.Int J Cancer,2000,15,88(2):228-231.

[31]Ahrendt SA,Eisenberger CF,Yip L,et al.Chromosome 9p21loss and p16inactivation in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated cholangiocarcinoma.J Surg Res,1999,84(1):88-93.

[32]Ding SF,Delhanty JD,Bowles L,et al.Loss of constitutional heterozygosity on chromosomes 5and 17 in cholangiocarcinoma.Br J Cancer,1993,67(5):1007-1010.

[33]Fukutomi M,Enjoji M,Iguchi H,et al.Telomerase activity is repressed during differentiation along the hepatocytic and biliary epithelial lineages:verification on immortal cell lines from the same origin.Cell Biochem Funct,2001,19(1):65-68.

[34]Fujii H,Zhu XG,Matsumoto T,et al.Genetic classification of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.Hum Pathol,2000,31(9):1011-1017.

[35]Tannapfel A,Engeland K,Weinans L et al.Expression of p73,a novel protein related to the p53tumour suppressor p53,and apoptosis in cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver.Br J Cancer,1999,80(7):1069-1074.

[36]Ahrendt SA,Eisenberger CF,Yip L et al.Chromosome 9p21loss and p16inactivation in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated cholangiocarcinoma.J Surg Res,1999,84(1):88-93.

[37]Jain R,Malhotra V,Kumar N,et al.Nucleolar organizer regions in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Trop Gastroenterol,1998,19(3):100-101.

[38]Lee JH,Rim HJ,Sell S.Heterogeneity of the"oval-cell"response in the hamster liver during cholangiocarcinogenesis following Clonorchis sinensis infection and dimethylnitrosamine treatment.J Hepatol,1997,26(6):1313-1223.

[39]Yano H,Iemura A,Haramaki M,A human combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KMCH-2)that shows the features of hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma under different growth conditions.J Hepatol,1996,24(4):413-422.

[40]Izumi R,Shimizu K,Kiriyama M Long-term survival of peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with distant metastasis.Am J Gastroenterol,1995,90(3):505-507.

[41]Yasuhara K,Mitsumori K,Aida Y,et al.[Cell proliferative activities of cholangiofibrosis induced in rats treated with bromodichloromethane].Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku,1995(113):51-57.

[42]Poley JR.Malignant liver disease in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.Acta Paediatr Suppl,1994,393:27-32.

[43]Shimizu Y,Demetris AJ,Gollin SM,Two new human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and their cytogenetics and responses to growth factors,hormones,cytokines or immunologic effector cells.Int J Cancer,1992,52(2):252-260.

[44]Nonomura A,Matsubara F,Mizukami Y,et al.Demonstration of nucleolar organizer regions in intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma by the silver-staining technique.Liver,1990,10(5):269-277.

[45]Marx J.New tumor suppressor may rival p53.Scinece,1994,264:344-345.

[46]Nobori T,Miura K,Wu DJ,et al.Deletion of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers.Nature,1994,368:753.

[47]Cairns P,Mao L,Merlo AM,et al.Rates of P16(MTS1)mutation in primary tumors with 9p loss.Science,1994,265:415.

[48]Walker DG,Duan W,Popovic EA,et al.Homozygous deletion of the multiple tumor suppressor gene 1 in the progression of human gastrocytomas.Cancer Res,1995,55:20.

[49]Yoshida S,Todorki T,Ichikawa Y,et al.Mutation of p16and p15gene in biliary tract cancers.Cancer Res,1995,56:2756.

[50]Akama Y,Yasui W,Kuniyasu H,et al.Genetic status and expression of the cyclin depent kinase inhibitore in human gastric carcinoma cell lines.Jpn J Cancer Res,1996,87:824.

[51]Igaki H,Sasaki H,Tachimori Y,et al.Mutation frequency of the p16/CDKN2gene in primary cancers in the upper digestive tract.Cancer Res,1995,55:3421.

[52]Yang R,Combart AF,Serrano M,et al.Mutational effects on the p16tumor suppressor protein.Cancer Res,1995,55:2503-2506.

[53]Muscarella P,Melvin WS,Fisher WE,et al.Genetic altenation in gastrinomas and nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocire tumor:a analysis of p16/MTS1.tumor suppressor gene inactivation.Cancer Res,1998,58:237-240.

[54]焦兴元,石景森,高金松,等.胆囊癌患者IL-2、SIL-2R及CEA水平的研究.中华肝胆外科杂志,1999,5:342.

[55]Tang W,Guo Q,Qu X,Inagaki Y,et al.KL-6mucin is a useful immunohistochemical marker for cholangiocarcinoma.Oncol Rep,2007,17:737-741.

[56]John AR,Haghighi KS,Taniere P,et al.Is a raised CA 19-9level diagnostic for a cholangiocarcinoma in patients with no history of sclerosing cholangitis?Dig Surg,2006,23:319-324.

[57]焦兴元,石景森,高金松,等.胆囊癌患者细胞免疫和体液免疫水平的研究及临床意义.中国普外基础与临床杂志,1999,6:227-229.

[58]Baskin-Bey ES,Moreno Luna LE,Gores GJ.Diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with PSC:a sight on cytology.J Hepatol,2006,45:476-479.

[59]Levy C,Lymp J,Angulo P,et al.The value of serum CA 19-9in predicting cholangiocarcinomas in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.Dig Dis Sci,2005,50:1734-1740.

[60]Dowaki S,Kijima H,Kashiwagi H,et al.CEA immunohistochemicial localization is correlated with growth and metastasis of human gallbladder carcinoma.Int J Oncol,2000,16:49-53.

[61]Ni XG,Bai XF,Mao YL,et al.The clinical value of serum CEA,CA19-9,and CA242in the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.Eur J Surg Oncol,2005,31:164-169.

[62]Imai M,Hoshi T,Ogawa K.K-ras codon 12mutations in biliary tract tumors detected by polymerse chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophrosis.Cancer,1994,73:2727.

[63]Ajiki T,Fujimori H,Onoyama M.K-ras gene mutation in gallbladder carcinoma and dysplasia.Gut,1996,38:426.

[64]Matsubara T,Sakurai Y,Sasyama Y.K-ras point mutation in cancerous and noncacerous biliary epithium in patient with pancreaticobiliary maljunction.Cancer,1996,77:1752.

[65]Yukama M,Fujimori T,Hirayama D.Expression of oncogen products and growth factors in early gallbladder cancer,advanced gallbladder cancer and chronic cholecyctitis.Human Pathology,1993:24:37-40.

[66]Chow NH,Huang SM,Chan SH.Significance of C-erbB-2expression in normal and neoplastic of biliary tract.Anti Cancer Res,1995:15:1055.

[67]10.Roa I,Arage JC,Shiraishi T.Gallbladder carcinoma expression of the c-myc and ras-p21oncogene products.Rev Med Chile,1994:122:754.

[68]11.Wistuba II,Gazdar A,Roal.P53protein overpression in gallbladder carcinoma and its precursor lesions.Human Pathol,1996,27:360.

[69]12.Misras,Chaturvdi A,Goel MM.Oxerpression of p53protein in gallbladder carcinoma in North India.Eur J Surg Oncol,2000,26:164-167.

[70]13.Hui AM,Li X,Shi YZ,et al.P27(Kipl)expression in normal epithelia,precancerous lesions,and carcinomas of the gallbladder:association with cancer progression and prognosis.Hepatology,2000,31:1068-1072.

[71]14.Wistuba II,Albores SJ.Genetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg,1999,6:237-244.

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈