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组织工程皮肤免疫原性临床观察结果

时间:2022-04-08 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:多个实验及临床观察显示组织工程皮肤移植后无明显排斥反应。移植人淋巴细胞的SCID小鼠可作为受体模型来评估异体皮肤移植物的免疫原性。Organogenesis公司研制生产的人工皮肤,商品名为Apligraf,其真皮基质由含有Fb的牛肌腱胶原构成,表面种植KC,类似皮肤的双层结构。另外,随着基因工程的兴起,降低异体细胞免疫原性又增加了新的手段,通过基因工程的方法修饰组织工程种子细胞,可能诱导移植物的长期存活。

多个实验及临床观察显示组织工程皮肤移植后无明显排斥反应。严重联合免疫缺陷(severe combined immunodeficiency,SCID)小鼠缺乏功能性的免疫系统,能够成功地移植上有功能的人免疫系统,而没有发生排斥反应的危险。移植人淋巴细胞的SCID小鼠可作为受体模型来评估异体皮肤移植物的免疫原性。在这些研究中,移植的人皮肤被排斥了,但是异体组织工程皮肤存活率为100%。

对Dermagraft的临床研究超过了10年,与其他的同种异体真皮移植物一样,未发现有排斥反应。由于来自任何移植物的细胞长期存活是关键,Dermagraft真皮植入物中Fb来自常规环切术所得包皮,具有男性独特的Y染色体的性别决定区标记,可用来研究女性受者移植Dermagraft后数月内细胞在创面的存留情况。在静脉性溃疡患者单用Dermagraft移植后,通过PCR检测移植物来源的Fb,在移植6个月后可以检测到移植的Fb,这进一步支持了无免疫排斥反应或排斥反应较弱。

Organogenesis公司研制生产的人工皮肤,商品名为Apligraf,其真皮基质由含有Fb的牛肌腱胶原构成,表面种植KC,类似皮肤的双层结构。移植于创面后,Fb对蛋白胶原基质进行改建,KC逐渐生长分化,形成多层分布的表皮层。多中心检测Apligraf对下肢静脉溃疡治疗的安全性、有效性及免疫学影响,没有发现免疫排斥的征象,没对牛胶原产生特异性的免疫应答,也没有表现出对KC、Fb的异体抗原产生应答。

组织工程皮肤涉及的免疫学问题非常复杂,很难完整、清楚地解释所有问题。现有的数据大多支持种子细胞体外培养后构建的组织工程皮肤移植后无明显的免疫排斥反应。另外,随着基因工程的兴起,降低异体细胞免疫原性又增加了新的手段,通过基因工程的方法修饰组织工程种子细胞,可能诱导移植物的长期存活。这一切都有理由让我们相信,在不久的将来,应用异体细胞包括KC和Fb等,对于治疗大面积烧伤、慢性皮肤溃疡等疾病将成为最佳选择。

(毕建军)

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