首页 理论教育 房室通道缺损

房室通道缺损

时间:2022-03-19 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:本章节仅表完全型房室通道缺损。完全性房室通道缺损生后大量左向右分流和房室瓣反流会迅速导致患儿心力衰竭和进行性的肺动脉高压和肺血管病变,没有明显症状患儿推荐在1岁内手术。目前应用的完全性房室通道缺损的手术包括单片法、双片法、改良单片法。

房室通道缺损(atrioventricular canal defects)也称为心内膜垫缺损(endocardial cushion defects)或房室隔缺损(AV septal defects),在先天性心脏病中占4%~5%。由从流入道到心室心内膜垫融合的过程中发育障碍所致,所包括畸形为房室瓣下大的室间隔缺损、近房室瓣平面上房间隔缺损、单一或共同房室瓣孔,根据房室瓣和房室隔的病理解剖分为部分型(partial)、过度型(intermediate)、完全型(complete)。本章节仅表完全型房室通道缺损。完全型房室通道缺损根本的病理解剖是房室瓣水平上下的间隔组织缺损,同时伴有不同程度的房室瓣畸形,还可能合并心外畸形。依解剖病变的轻重,症状表现不一。有大房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损导致大量左向右分流可导致心功能衰竭和肺动脉高压,15%~20%房室瓣反流明显加重心力衰竭,80%未治疗病例在2岁内死亡,3岁以上患儿多数合并肺动脉高压。早期手术有较高的死亡率和并发症发生率,如完全性房室传导阻滞、残余房室瓣反流、主动脉瓣下狭窄。随着对其解剖的精确理解和手术技术的提高,近期手术结果已大为改善。

一、病理解剖和病例生理

完全型房室通道缺损包括原发孔房间隔缺损和房室瓣下方室间隔流入道缺损,共同房室瓣连接左右两侧心脏,在室间隔嵴上有一“裸区”,形成上(前)下(后)桥叶。Rastelli根据共同房室瓣瓣叶形态及其腱索附着点特点分为三型。A型指前桥叶的腱索广泛附着在室间隔嵴上,能被有效地分为“两瓣”,即左上桥叶完全在左心室,右上桥叶完全在右心室,占全部病例的75%左右。B型少见,指左前桥叶发出乳头肌附着在右侧室间隔上。C型指前桥叶悬浮在室间隔上,没有腱索附着,占25%左右。完全型房室通道缺损易合并其他畸形,如法洛四联症、右心室双出口、大动脉错位,其中法洛四联症最常见,约占6%,右心室流出道的梗阻程度决定发绀的严重性,有右心室流出道的梗阻的病例充血性心力衰竭较少见。合并右心室双出口和大动脉错位的比例较低。其他合并畸形包括动脉导管未闭,永存左上腔静脉、弥漫性主动脉瓣下狭窄或残留房室瓣组织所致的左心室流处道梗阻。房室隔缺失常导致房室传导组织异位,房室结较正常位置更靠后下,更近冠状静脉窦。His束常沿室间隔缺损的下缘走行,束支分叉更靠下。

心房和心室水平的左向右分流依缺损大小程度有所不同,但几乎所有的房室通道缺损病人有大量肺血流。房室瓣通过裂缺的反流量随时间增加,左向右分流会加大,有的病人可直接反流到右心房,出现明显的进行性心脏增大和充血性心力衰竭。完全型房室通道缺损病人因室间隔缺损大压力传导和大量左向右分流,右心室和肺动脉压和体心室压相等,出生时胎儿期肺动脉高压不会减轻,反而进行性加重,除非行肺动脉环缩术或完全纠治才会减轻。有报道合并Down综合征的病人肺动脉高压的进度更快。房室瓣反流会增加心室容量负荷,加剧肺高压和充血性心力衰竭,因此早期手术至关重要。

二、手术适应证

完全性房室通道缺损生后大量左向右分流和房室瓣反流会迅速导致患儿心力衰竭和进行性的肺动脉高压和肺血管病变,没有明显症状患儿推荐在1岁内手术。由于多数患儿在出生后2~4个月已有严重的充血性心力衰竭,出生后3~6个月手术是合适的。如果推迟到1岁以后再手术就有肺动脉高压不可逆的危险。对于有早期严重充血性心力衰竭的婴儿患者,先期行肺动脉环缩术曾被广泛应用,但随访研究显示因会加剧房室瓣反流和不能减轻心力衰竭。随着新生儿、婴幼儿体外循环,麻醉和术后监护技术的提高和进步,早期手术治疗结果满意,肺动脉环缩术已基本没人采用。

三、手术治疗

1.历史 1936年Abbott已注意到原发孔房缺和共同房室管畸形。1954年Lillehei利用交叉循环法将缺损的心房边缘直接缝合于室间隔嵴上,成功完成首例完全型房室通道缺损的手术纠治。1958年,Lev描述了His束的解剖位置,明显减少了术后传导阻滞的发生率。1962年,Maloney和Gerbode分别独自报道了单片法纠治完全型房室通道缺损。1966年,Rastelli提出了完全型房室通道缺损的分类方法,这就是我们现在广泛应用的A型、B型和C型。20世纪70年代波士顿儿童医院强调应在婴儿期进行根治手术。1975年,Trusler报道了两片法纠治完全型房室通道缺损,涤纶(Dacron)补片修补室间隔缺损,将共同瓣叶缝于Dacron补片上,关闭二尖瓣裂缺,再关闭房间隔缺损。1997年Wilcox等阐述在有选择性的病例手术中,将房室瓣瓣叶下压至室隔嵴顶部缝合VSD,而不是用补片修补VSD。1999年Nicholson和Num认为此技术可常规应用于完全型房室通道缺损的修补。

2.手术方案 治疗方法是基于病例解剖设计的,原则是关闭室间隔缺损和房间隔缺损,恢复二尖瓣正常功能,同时避免损害房室结和His束等重要传导组织。目前应用的完全性房室通道缺损的手术包括单片法、双片法、改良单片法。在全身麻醉体外循环中低温下和间断冷血心肌保护液灌停心脏下进行。前胸正中开胸,切开心包,升主动脉和上下腔静脉插管建立体外循环。阻断主动脉后升主动脉灌注Thomas液,现在流行灌注H.T.K液。有些中心仍应用深低温停循环的体外循环方法,尤其对小婴儿。手术过程中应用食管超声判断房室瓣情况及室间隔缺损修补情况对手术成功有较大的帮助。

(1)单片法:单片法的材料有心包、聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene PTEE)、Dacron补片,其中心包补片最常用,尤其小婴儿,但心室水平有瘤样形成的危险,以戊二醛固定可起到一定的预防效果。尽管Dacron补片的伸展性强于PTEE,但术后如有二尖瓣或三尖瓣反流的话,血流冲击补片会有溶血发生。补片大小取决于室间隔缺损的大小和形状,房室瓣环前后径,房间隔缺损的大小。首先将房室瓣叶漂浮对合,识别前后桥叶的对合线,然后以横褥式牵引线将前后桥叶对合好,确定左右房室瓣即二尖瓣和三尖瓣的分割线。以间断横褥式缝线将补片固定于室间隔嵴。这时缝线必须小心绕过腱索。共同瓣的左侧部分同样以间断横褥式缝于补片上。同样的缝线穿出后将共同瓣的右侧部分间断缝在补片上。缝合二尖瓣裂缺。同一心包补片连续缝合房间隔缺损。在近冠状窦区域,缝线浅缝在左心房尽量靠近二尖瓣避免损伤传导束。有主张将冠状窦隔在左心房,但完全性房室传导阻滞的发生率无差别。

(2)双片法(图13-30):双片法以PTEE或Dacron补片关闭室间隔缺损。瓣叶缝在补片顶部,关闭二尖瓣裂缺,心包补片连续缝合关闭房间隔缺损。体外循环开始后从右上肺静脉置左心引流,在修复左心房室瓣时,先将左心引流外拔到左心房,当房间隔缺损关闭后修复右心房室瓣时再将其重新置入左心室。同单片法仍采用心房壁中间长切口。估测上共同瓣即术后的二尖瓣与室间隔嵴的距离,确定室间隔缺损补片的大小。将房室瓣置于高于室间隔嵴的恰当位置,防止主动脉瓣下狭窄的发生。以PTEE补片带垫片缝线间断修补室间隔缺损。缝线缝在室间隔右侧避免损伤房室结和左束支。对于Rastelli C型,后共同瓣常需要分割以完全显露室间隔缺损。左上、下桥叶在中心对合后悬缝于PTEE补片上。二尖瓣位于PTEE补片和心包补片(心房补片)之间,将瓣叶撕裂的可能性减到最低。Polypropylene缝线间断缝合二尖瓣裂缺,进针应在第一级腱索在二尖瓣的附着点。注射器注生理盐水入左心室检验二尖瓣的关闭程度。Polypropylene缝线连续缝合自身心包补片关闭房间隔缺损。也有以Polypropylene线连续缝合房间隔缺损补片。在房室结区靠近左侧房室瓣浅缝,冠状窦隔在补片的右心房侧。缝合右心房室瓣上、下桥叶,关闭裂缺,近瓣环处将瓣膜边缘对合缝于房间隔缺损补片。注水估测关闭情况。所有完全型或部分型房室通道缺损病人,术中常规食道超声。术前主要评价病理解剖,尤其左右心室大小、共同瓣类型、有无腱索骑跨或其他异常腱索组织、瓣膜反流程度,术后主要检测有无残余漏、主动脉下狭窄、瓣膜反流或狭窄。如果发现有上述异常,需再手术。三尖瓣整形将瓣膜组织缝合至VSD补片和心房心包补片汇合处。

图13-30 双片修补法

A.补片长度根据共同瓣环大小,宽度根据浮起的桥瓣到室间隔嵴的距离。B.室缺后下角修补避开传导束;将房室瓣叶漂浮对合,识别前后桥叶的对合线并用线吊起。C.将前后桥瓣在中间线缝合于室缺补片上缘,补片修补原发孔房缺,冠状静脉窦开口被隔在左心房

(3)改良单片法:改良单片法采用持续体外循环、中低温和间断冷血心肌保护液。5-0Polypropylene缝线间断缝在室间隔右心室侧关闭室间隔缺损。这些缝线在左右心房室瓣分隔面依次穿过前、后桥叶,然后再穿过心包补片。有学者提出在室间隔嵴上再固定一薄心包条,以将室间隔嵴缩小到合适的长度有利于前、后桥叶对合。将缝线打结后,就有效地关闭了室间隔缺损,造成了类似于部分型房室通道缺损。关闭二尖瓣裂缺,进针应在第一级腱索在二尖瓣的附着点。注水估测关闭情况。整形三尖瓣,关闭房间隔缺损,近房室结处处理同上述两种方法。如果存在继发孔房间隔缺损,用同一心包关闭或直接关闭,如果与原发孔房间隔缺损相距较远,可再用一心包补片。改良单片法多用于过度型房室通道缺损。

(4)房室通道缺损并发法洛四联症:并发法洛四联症时手术技术基本原理相同,为房室通道缺损纠治和法洛四联症纠治的结合。一般采用双片法。在主动脉瓣下区域,即VSD的前上缘补片应成逗号形,足够宽以防左心室流出道梗阻。其他如标准的右心室流出道切口,肥厚肌束切除,补片扩大右心室流出道和肺动脉同法洛四联症。

四、结  果

Boston儿童医院单片法手术301例儿童完全型房室通道缺损病例,手术死亡率3%,二尖瓣明显反流再次手术9%。完全型房室传导阻滞需安置起搏器为3%;Vanderbilt大学手术103例,死亡率15%,6%二尖瓣有明显反流再次手术,4%完全型房室传导阻滞需安置起搏器;Dragulescu A等应用单片法手术107例1岁以下的完全型房室通道缺损病例,早期生存率86%± 3%,5个病例进行再次手术,2例因残余室间隔缺损,3例因二尖瓣反流要再次修复。10~15年的生存率均为84%±3%。Melbourne双片法手术62例,死亡2例(3%),10例(16%)二尖瓣明显反流再次手术,2例(3%)安置永久起搏器。Backer CL等对55例婴儿CAVC手术,26例改良简单一片法,29双片法,前者手术死亡1例,后者没有死亡。前者1例(4%)二尖瓣关闭不全再手术,后者3例(10%)。双片法有1例房室传导阻滞安置永久起搏器,1例残余室间隔缺损再次手术。Lin A等研究922例完全型房室通道缺损手术后0.9%发生临时的完全型房室传导阻滞,有0.3%~0.7%发生持续完全型房室传导阻滞。Michielon G100例CAVC手术,均采用双片法,37例(37%)<4月龄,63例(63%)>4月龄。前者14年预计生存率为92.9%,后者15.4年预计生存率75.9%。Nunn用简化单片法手术72例病人,手术死亡率为2.8%(2/72)。没有因明显残余缺损而需要再手术。66%的病人左心房室瓣功能正常,轻度反流29%,中度5%。术后早期无左心室流出道梗阻。平均随访3.3年,无远期房室瓣整形和换瓣,无远期左心室流出道梗阻,无远期死亡。总的来说各家手术死亡率变化较大,但三种手术方法的结果大体相同。因二尖瓣反流、起搏器置入、左心室流出道梗阻、残余室间隔缺损而再手术率在三种手术方法上也没有明显区别。不过多数文章倾向于如果室间隔缺损较大仍选择双片法,如果室间隔缺损较小选择简化单片法。与单片法和双片法相比,简化单片法的早期结果较好,早期随访瓣膜功能良好,反流发生率很低。适用于较小婴儿及早期出现充血性心力衰竭的新生儿。先心外科医师必须理解、熟练掌握各种手术方法,针对每个病例的特点选择最好的手术方案。

(杨盛春)

参考文献

[1] 胡亚美,江载芳.诸福棠实用儿科学[M].7版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:1433-1472.

[2] 朱军,周光萱,代礼,等.1996~2000年全国围产期先天性心脏病发病率的分析.四川大学学报(医学版),2004,35(6):875-877.

[3] 马桂琴,吴明昌,何建平,等.新生儿先天性心脏病385例彩色多普勒超声诊断及其临床意义.中华围产医学杂志,2001:92-94.

[4] Leung MP,Yung TC,Ng YK,et al.Congenital heart disease amongst neonates in Hong Kong.HK J Pediatr,1994,11:46-56.

[5] Laussen PC.Neonates with congenital heart disease.Curr Opin Pediatr,2001,13:220-223.

[6] 于明华,刘特长,黄荷清,等.新生儿先天性心脏病的超声心动图诊断—附1294例分析,2001:234-236.

[7] 黄美萍,梁长虹,曾辉,等.新生儿及婴儿先天性心脏病多层螺旋CT心血管成像.中国医学影像技术,2004:1060-1063.

[8] Gross RE,Hubbard JP.Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriousus.Report of first successful case,JAMA,1939,112:729-731.

[9] Gross RE.Surgical correction for coarctation of the aorta.Surgery,1945,18:673-678.

[10] Gibbons JH.Application of a mehanical heat-lung apparatus to cardiac surgery.Minn Med,1954,March:171-175.

[11] Blalock A,Taussig HB.The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary atresia JAMA,1945,128:189-202.

[12] Waterston DJ.Treatment of Fallot′s tetraalogy in children under one year of age.Rozhl Chir,1962,41:181.

[13] Potts WJ,Smith S,Gibson S.Anastomosis of the aorta to a pulmonary artery.JAMA,1946,132:627-631.

[14] de Leval MR,Mckay R,Jones M,Stark J,MacCartney FJ.Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.Use of subclavian artery orifice as flow regulator in prosthetic systemic-pulmonary artery shunts.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1981,81:112-119.

[15] Muller WH,Dammann JF.The treatment of certain congenital malformations of the heart by creation of pulmonic stenosis to reduce pulmonary hypertension and excessive pulmonary blood flow:A preliminary re-port.Surg Gynecol Obstet,1952,95:213.

[16] Castaneda AR,Norwood WI,Jonas RA,et al.Transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum:Anatomical repair in the neonate.Ann Thorac Surg,1984,5:438-443.

[17] Reid LM.Lung growth in health and disease.Br J Dis Chest,1984,78:113-134.

[18] Castaneda AR,Jonas RA,Mayer JE,et al.Cardiac Surgery of the Neonate and Infant.Philadelphia,WB Saunders,1994:8-18.

[19] Meyers RL,Alpan G Lin E,Clyman RI.Patent ductus arteiosus,indomethacin and intestinal distention:Effrcts on intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption.Pediatr Res,1991,29:569-574.

[20] Elliott MJ.Coarctation of the aorta with arch hypoplasia:improvements on a new technique.Ann Thorac Surg,1987,44:321-323.

[21] Darling RC,Rothney WB,Craig JM.Total pulmonary venous drainge into the right side of the heart.Lab Invest,1857,6:44.

[22] Delisle G,Ando M,Calder AL,et al.Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection:Report of 93autopsied cases with emphasis on diagnostic and surgical considerations.Am Heart J,1976,91:99-122.

[23] Senning A.Surgical correction of transposition of the great vessels.Surgry,1959,45:966.

[24] Mustard WT.Successful two stage correction of transposition of the great vessels.Surgery,1964,55:469.

[25] Jatene AD,Fontes VF,Paulista PP,et al.Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels.J Thorac Cardiovasc Sury,1976,72:364-370.

[26] Castanede AR,Norwood WI,Jonas RA,Colan SD,Sanders SP,Lang P.Transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum:anatomical repair in the neonate.Ann Thorac Surg,1984,38:438-443.

[27] Lecompte Y,Neveux JY,Leca F,et al.Reconstuction of the pulmonary outflow tract without prosthetic conduit.J Thorac Cardiovasc Sury,1982,84:727-733.

[28] 史珍英,李志浩,徐卓明,等.小儿心脏手术围术期监护//徐志伟.小儿心脏手术学.北京:人民军医出版社.2006:131-189.

[29] 杨思源.心力衰竭//杨思源.小儿心脏病学.3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:533-545.

[30] 蔡小满译.刘锦纷校.儿科心脏重症监护//Richard A Jonas主编.刘锦纷主译.先天性心脏病外科综合治疗学.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2009:66-116.

[31] 马维国译.郑军,罗国华校.术后病人的监护处理//Jaroslav F Stark,Marc R de Leval,Victor T Tsang主编.马维国,张怀军,朱晓东主译.先天性心脏病外科学.2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:188-220.

[32] Gibbon JH.Application of mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery.Minn Med,1954,March:171-185.

[33] De Somer F,De Wachter D,et al.Evaluation of different paediatric venous cannulae using gravity drainage and VAVD;An in vitro study.Perfusion,2002,17:321-326.

[34] Osborn JJ,Cohn K,Hait M,et al.Hemolysis during perfusion;sources and means of reduction.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1962,43:459.

[35] Gourlay T.The role of arterial line filters in perfusion safety.Perfusion,1988,3:195-204.

[36] Naik SK,Knight A,Elliott MJ.A successful modification of ultrafiltration for cardiopulmonary bypass in children.Perfusion,1991,6:41-50.

[37] Galletti PM,Mora CT.Cardiopulmonary Bypass.The Historical Foundation,the Future Promise,in Mora,C.T.ed.Cardiopulmonary Bypass.New York:Springer-Verlag,1995:3-18.

[38] Shumacker HB.The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery,Bloomington.IN,Indiana University Press,1992:242-255.

[39] Melrose DG.A history of cardiopulmonary bypas,in Taylor,K.M.ed.Cardiopulmonary Bypass.London:Chapman and Hall,1989:1-12.

[40] Messmer K.Hemodilution.Surg Clin N Am,1975,55:659-678.

[41] Newman MF,Kirchner JL,Phillips-Bute,et al.Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery.N Engl J Med,2001,344:395-402.

[42] Ream AK.Cardiopulmonary bypass,in Ream,A.K.and Fogdall,R.P.ed.Acute Cardiovascular Management.Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott Company,1982:420-427.

[43] Creech O Jr.Regional Perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit.Ann Surg,1958,148:616-632.

[44] Parks LC.Treatment of far-advanced brochogenic Carcinoma by extracorporeally induced systemic hyperthermia.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1979,78:883-892.

[45] Pasque MK,Improved technique for bilateral lung transplantatioon:rationle and initial clinical experience.Ann Thorac Surg,1990,49:785-91.

[46] Kilman JW.Budd-Chiari syndrome due to congenital obstruction of the Eustachian valve of the inferior vena.J Thorac Cardiooovasc Surg,1971,62:266.

[47] Zwischenberger JB,Nguyen TT,Robert J,et al.Complication of neonatal ECMO.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1994,107:838.

[48] Gorss RE,Hubbard JP:Surgical ligation of a PDA:report of first successful case.JAMA,1939,112:729.

[49] Oberhansli Weiss,Heymann MA,Rudolph AM,et al.The pattern and mechanisms of response to oxygen by the ductus arteriosus and umbilical artery.Pediatr Res,1972,6:693.

[50] Lloyd TR,Beekman RHⅢ.Clinically silent PDA.Am Heart J,1994,127:1644.

[51] Heymannma Rudolpham SilvermanNH.Closure of the dcuctus arteriosus in premature infants by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.N Engl J Med,1976,295:530.

[52] Laborde F,Noirhomme P,Karam J,et al.A new video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical technique for interruption of PDA in infants and children.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1993,105:278.

[53] Pontius RG,Danielson GK,Noonan JA,et al.Illusions leading to surgical closure of the distal left pulmonary artery instead of the ductus arteriosus.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1981,82:107.

[54] Fleming WH,Sarafian LB,Kugler JD,et al.Ligation of PDA in premature infants:importance of accurate antomic definition.Pediatrics,1983,71:373.

[55] Mavroudis C,Backer CL,Gevitz M.Forty-six years of PDA division at Childrens Memorial Hospital of Chicago.Standards for Comparison.Ann Surg,1994,220:402.

[56] Laborde F,Folliguet TA,Etienne PY,et al.Video-thoracoscopic surgical interrution of patent ductus arteriosus:Routin experience in 332pediatric cases.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,1997,11:1052.

[57] Magee AG,Huggon IC,Seed PT,et al.Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial Duct:results of the Eurpean Registry.Eur Heart J,2001,22:1817.

[58] Elzenga NJ,Gittenberger-deGroot AC,Oppenheimer-Dekker A.Coarctation and other obstructive aortic arch anomalies:their relationship to the ductus arteriosus.Int J Cardiol,1986,13:289.

[59] van Son JA,Lacquet LK,Smedts F.Patterns of ductal tissue in coarctation of the aorta in early infancy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1993,105:368.

[60] Rudolph AM,Heymann MA,Spitznas U.Hemodynamic considerations in the development of narrowing of the aorta.Am J Cardiol,1972,30:514.

[61] Quaegebeur JM,Jonas RA,Weinberg AD,et al.Outcomes in seriously ill neonates with coarctation of the aorta:a multiinstitutional study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1994,108:841.

[62] Schuster SR,Gross RE:Surgery for coarctation of the aorta:a review of 500cases.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1962,43:54.

[63] Ziemer G,Jonas RA,Mayer JE,et al:Surgery for coarctation of the aorta in the neonate.Circulation,suppl,1986:125.

[64] Bacha EA,Almodovar M,Wessel DL,et al.Surgery for coarctation of the aorta in infants weighting less than 2kg.Ann Thorac Surg,2001,71:1260.

[65] van Heurn LW,Wong CM,Spiegelhaltr DJ,et al.Surgical treatment of aortic coarctation in infants younger than three months:1985to 1990:success of extended end-to-end arch aortoplasyt.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1994,107:74.

[66] Serfontein SJ,Kron IL.Complications of coarctation repair.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu,2002,5:206.

[67] Parker FB,Streeten DH,Farrell B,et al.Preoperative and postoperative renin levels in coarctation of the aorta.Circulation,1982,66:513.

[68] Toro-Salazar OH,Steinberger J,Thomas W,et al.Long-term follow-up of patients after coarctation of the aorta repair.Am J Cardiol,2002,89:541.

[69] Celoria GC,Patton RB.Congenital absence of the aortic arch.Am Heart J,1959,48:407.

[70] Jonas RA,Quargebeur JM,Kirklin JW,et al.Outcomes in patients with interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1994,107:1099.

[71] Rudolph AM.The changes in the circulation after birth:their importance in congenital heart disease.Circulation,1970,41:343.

[72] Moulaert AJ,Oppenheimer-Dekker AO.Anterolateral muscle bundles of the left ventricle,bulboventricular flange,and subaortic stenosis.Am J Cardiol,1976,37:78.

[73] Jonas RA,Sell JE,van Praagh R,et al.Left ventricular outflow obstruction associated with interruputed aortic arch and ventricular septal defect.Perspectives in Pediatric Cardiology,1989:61-65.

[74] Schreiber C,Eicken A,Vogt M,et al.Repair of interrupted aortic arch:results after more than 20years.Ann Thorac Surg,2000,70:1896.

[75] Apfel HD,Levenbraun J,Quaegebeur JM,et al.Usefulness of preoperatie echocardiography in predicting left ventricular outflow obstruction after primary repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect.Am J Cardiol,1998,82:470.

[76] Salem MM,Starnes VA,Wells WJ,et al.Predictors of left ventricular outflow obstruction following singlestage repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect.Am J Cardiol,2000,86:1044.

[77] Blackstone EH,Kirklin JW,Bradley EL,et al.Optimal age and results in repair of large ventricular septal defects.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1976,72:661-679.

[78] Bove EL,Minich LL,Pridjian AK,et al.The management of severe subaortic stenosis,ventricular septal defect,and aortic arch obstruction in the neonate.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993,105:289-295;discussion,295-296.

[79] Carotti A,Marino B,Bevilacqua M,et al.Primary repair of isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy guided by echocardiography.Am J Cardiol,1997,79:1498-1501.

[80] Roos-Hesselink JW,Meijboom FJ,Spitaels SE,et al.Outcome of patients after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect at young age:longitudinal follow-up of 22-34years.Eur Heart J,2004,25:1057-1062.

[81] Kidd L,Driscoll DJ,Gersony WM,et al.Second natural history study of congenital heart defects.Results of treatment of patients with ventricular septal defects.Circulation,1993,87(2Suppl):138-151.

[82] Scully BB,Morales DL,Zafar F,et al.Current expectations for surgical repair of isolated ventricular septal defects.Ann Thorac Surg,2010,89(2):544-549;discussion 550-551.

[83] Amin Z,Cao QL,Hijazi ZM.Closure of muscular ventricular septal defects:Transcatheter and hybrid techniques.Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2008,72(1):102-111.

[84] Tribak M,Marmade L,El KM,et al.[Results of the surgical closure of ventricular septal defects of various ages:report of 30cases].Ann Cardiol Angeiol(Paris),2008,57(1):48-51.

[85] Murakami H,Yoshimura N,Takahashi H,et al.Closure of multiple ventricular septal defects by the felt sandwich technique:further analysis of 36patients.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,132(2):278-82.

[86] Kirklin JW.Barratt-Boyes BG.Cardiac Surgery.New York:John wiley &Sons,1986:1129-1218.

[87] Wernovsky G,Mayer JE,Jonas ra,et al.Factors influencing early and late outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1995,109:289-302.

[88] Yamagishi M,Shuntoh K,Fujiwara K,et al.“Bay window”technique for the arterial switch operation of the transposition of the great arteries with complex coronary arteries.Ann Thorac Surg,2003,75:1769-1774.

[89] Sim EK,van Son JAM,Edwards WD,et al.Coronary artery anatomy in complete transposition of the great arteries.Ann Thorac Surg,1994,57:890-894.

[90] Hovels-Gurich HH,Seghaye MC,Ma Q,et al.Long-term results of cardiac and general health status in children after neonatal arterial switch operation.Ann Thorac Surg.2003,75(3):935-943.

[91] Jonas RA,Giglia TM,Sanders SP.et al.Rapid,two-stage arterial switch for transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum beyond the neonatal period.Circulation,1989,80(3):(suppl)203-208.

[92] Jonas RA.Comprehensive surgical management of congenital heart disease.Great Britain:Arnold,2004:256.

[93] Horer J,Schreiber C,Dworak E,et al.Long-term results after the Rastelli repair for transposition of the great arteries.Ann Thorac Surg,2007,83(6):2169-2175.

[94] Yehya A,Lyle T,Pernetz MA,et al.Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with prior atrial switch procedure for d-transposition of great arteries(dTGA).Int J Cardiol,2010,143(3):271-275.

[95] Edwin F,Mamorare H,Brink J,Kinsley R.Primary arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum—is it safe after three weeks of age.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2010,11(5):641-644.

[96] van BE,Binkhorst M,de Hoog M,et al.Exercise performance and activity level in children with transposition of the great arteries treated by the arterial switch operation.Am J Cardiol,2010,105(3):398-403.

[97] de Koning WB,van OM,Ten HAD,et al.Follow-up outcomes 10years after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries:comparison of cardiological health status and health-related quality of life to those of the a normal reference population.Eur J Pediatr,2008,167(9):995-1004.

[98] Anderson RH,Allwork SP,Ho SY,et al.Surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1981,81:887

[99] Reddy VM,McElhinney DB,Amin Z,et al.Early and intermediate outcomes after repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries:experience with 85patients.Circulation,2000,101:1826-1832.

[100] Park CS,Kim WH,Kim GB,et al.Symptomatic young infants with tetralogy of fallot:one-stage versus staged repair.J Card Surg,2010,25(4):394-399.

[101] Lindsey CW,Parks WJ,Kogon BE,et al.Pulmonary valve replacement after tetralogy of Fallot repair in preadolescent patients.Ann Thorac Surg,2010,89(1):147-151.

[102] Griffin HR,Topf A,Glen E,et al.Systematic survey of variants in TBX1in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot identifies a novel 57base pair deletion that reduces transcriptional activity but finds no evidence for association with common variants.Heart,2010,96(20):1651-1655.

[103] Seddio F,Migliazza L,Borghi A,Crupi G.Previous palliation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot does not influence the outcome of later repair.J Cardiovasc Med(Hagerstown),2007,8(2):119-122.

[104] Bockeria LA,Podzolkov VP,Makhachev OA,et al.Surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of pulmonary artery.Ann Thorac Surg,2007,83(2):613-618.

[105] Yang JH,Jun TG,Park PW,et al.Factors related to the durability of a homograft monocusp valve inserted during repair of tetralogy of Fallot as based on the mid-to long-term outcomes.Cardiol Young,2008,18(2):141-146.

[106] Roan JN,Lai CH,Wen JS,et al.Correction of tetralogy of fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome in ayoung infant using a bicuspid equine pericardial tube.J Formos Med Assoc,2006,105(4):329-333.

[107] Erdal C,Kir M,Silistreli E,et al.Pulmonary segmental artery ratio:an alternative to the pulmonary artery index in patients with tetralogy of fallot.Int Heart J,2006,47(1):67-75.

[108] Christo IT,Marshall LJ,Stephen AT:Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project:hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Ann Thorac Surg,2000,69:170

[109] Morris CD,Outcalt J,Menashe VD.Hypoplastic left heart syndrome:natural history in a geographically defined population.Pediotrics,1990,85:977

[110] Glauser TA,Rorke LB,Weinberg PM,et al.Congental brain anomalies associated with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Pediatrics,1990,85:984.

[111] Natowicz M,Chatten J,Clancy R,et al.Genetic disorders and major extracardiac anomalies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome,Pediatrics,1990,85:698.

[112] Norwood WI,Lang P,Hansen DD.physiologic repair of aortic-atresia-hypoplastic left heart syndrome.N Engl J Med,1983,308;23.

[113] Sano S,Kawada M,Yoshida H,et al.Norwood procedure to hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1998,46:1311.

[114] Ashburn DA,McCrindle BW,Tchervenkov CI,et al.Outcomes after the Norwood operation in neonates with critical aortic stenosis or aortic valve atresia.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,125:1070.

[115] Mahle WT,Spray TL,Wernovsky G,et al.Survival after reconstructive surgery for hypoplasstic left heart syndrome:a 15-year experience from a single institution.Circulation,2000,120(19Suppl 3):136.

[116] Malec E,Januszewska K,Kolcz J,et al.Right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt versus modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome-influence on early and late haemodynamic status.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2003,23:728.

[117] Suarez MR,Panos AL,Salerno TA,et al.Modified“sutureless”anastomosis for primary repair of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.J Card Surg,2009,24(5):564-566.

[118] Chowdhury UK,Airan B,Malhotra A,et al.Mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection:anatomic variations,surgical approach,techniques,and results.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2008,135(1):106-116.

[119] Hancock Friesen CL,Zurakowski D,Thiagarajan RR,et al.Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection:an analysis of current management strategies in a single institution.Ann Thorac Surg,2005,79(2):596-606;discussion 596-606.

[120] Hyde JA,Stümper O,Barth MJ,et,al.Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection:outcome of surgical correction and management of recurrent venous obstruction.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,1999,15(6):735-740;discussion 740-741.

[121] Kanter KR.Surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu,2006:40-44.

[122] Devaney EJ,Chang AC,Ohye RG,et al.Management of congenital and acquired pulmonary vein stenosis.Ann Thorac Surg,2006,81(3):992-995;discussion 995-996.

[123] Emmel M,Sreeram N.Total Anomalous Pulmonary Vein Connection:Diagnosis,Management,and Outcome.Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2004,6(5):423-429.

[124] Suarez MR,Panos AL,Salerno TA,et al.Modified“sutureless”anastomosis for primary repair of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.J Card Surg,2009,24(5):564-566.

[125] Nakata T,Fujimoto Y,Hirose K,et al.Functional single ventricle with extracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2009,36(1):49-56.

[126] 徐志伟,苏肇伉,丁文祥.先心病完全性肺静脉异位连接的手术治疗.上海第二医科大学学报,2004,24(02):120-122

[127] Kaza AK,Lim HG,Dibardino DJ,et al.Long-term results of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in neonatal cardiac surgery:options and outcomes.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2009,138(4):911-916.

[128] Cleuziou J,Schreiber C,Eicken A,et al.Predictors for biventricular repair in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2010,58(6):339-344.

[129] Popoiu A,Eicken A,Genz T,et al.Regression of a coronary arterial fistula in an infant with pulmonary atresia and an intact ventricular septum.Pediatr Cardiol,2010,31(1):144-146.

[130] Yoshimura N,Yamaguchi M.Surgical strategy for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum:initial management and definitive surgery.Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2009,57(7):338-346.

[131] McLean KM,Pearl JM.Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum:initial management.Ann Thorac Surg,2006,82(6):2214-2219.

[132] Guleserian KJ,Armsby LB,Thiagarajan RR,et,al.Natural history of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and right-ventricle-dependent coronary circulation managed by the single-ventricle approach.Ann Thorac Surg,2006,81(6):2250-2257.

[133] Daubeney PE,Wang D,Delany DJ.Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum:predictors of early and medium-term outcome in a population-based study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2005,130(4):1071.

[134] 易定华,蔡振杰,汪钢,等.肺动脉闭锁的外科治疗22例.第四军医大学学报,2002,23:1897.

[135] 朱洪玉,汪曾炜,张仁福.室间隔完整肺动脉闭锁的矫正手术.胸心血管外科杂志,1987,3:25.

[136] Lin A,Mahle WT,Frias PA,et al.Early and delayed atrioventricular conduction block after routine surgery for congenital heart disease.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2010,140(1):158-160.

[137] Dragulescu A,Fouilloux V,Ghez O,et al.Complete atrioventricular canal repair under 1year:Rastelli onepatch procedure yields excellent long-term results.Ann Thorac Surg,2008,86(5):1599-1604.

[138] Backer CL,Stewart RD,Bailliard F,et al.Complete atrioventricular canal:comparison of modified singlepatch technique with two-patch technique.Ann Thorac Surg,2007,84(6):2038-2046.

[139] Crawford FA.Atrioventricular canal:single-patch technique.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu,2007:11-20.

[140] Schaffer R,Berdat P,Stolle B.Surgery of the complete atrioventricular canal:relationship between age at operation,mitral regurgitation,size of the ventricular septum defect,additional malformations and early postoperative outcome.Cardiology,1999,91(4):231-235.

[141] Michielon G,Stellin G,Rizzoli G.Repair of complete common atrioventricular canal defects in patients younger than four months of age.Circulation,1997,96(9Suppl):316-322.

[142] Nunn GR.Atrioventricular canal:modified single patch technique.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu,2007:28-31.

[143] Nicholson IA,Num GR,Sholler GF,et al.Simplified single patch techniques for the repair of atriuoventricular septal defect.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1999,118:642-646.

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈