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争议及应用前景

时间:2022-03-16 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:AASI的提出和发表在高血压学术界引起了热烈的讨论。而且只有QKD能独立于24h脉压及其他危险因素预测心血管事件。AASI可以作为反映动脉硬化程度的间接指标以及高血压人群心血管危险评估的一个指标。PWV相同的患者,夜间血压不下降者的AASI要显著高于夜间血压下降者。日间血压读数多或夜间血压读数少,会使AASI偏大。在研究AASI的心血管预测价值时,也需要考虑到夜间血压不下降可能带来的混杂影响。

AASI的提出和发表在血压学术界引起了热烈的讨论。对AASI表示质疑,产生争论,将有助于加深我们对这个新指数的理解。目前争议的焦点主要是:AASI是不是一个反映动脉硬化的指标?在写给Hypertension杂志编辑的信中,Westerhof等将AASI的计算公式推导为AASI=(T/t)/(1+2T/3t),其中T为心脏搏动间隔时间(R-R interval),t为舒张期主动脉内压力减弱的时间。因此,他们认为AASI不是一个动脉硬化指标,而反映的是心室和动脉的偶联关系。事实上这是由于他们在公式推导过程中,误将计算AASI的回归方程的截距设为了0所致。Laurent教授认为不能将AASI与动脉硬化指数的概念混淆。AASI可能更接近于脉压,而不是动脉硬化。只有PWV是反映动脉硬化的直接指标,是金标准,AASI可能只是动脉硬化替代指标的替代指标。Benetos及Lacolley则认为虽然AASI可能不像PWV那样单纯反映大动脉硬化程度,具有和脉压相似的局限性,如受外周阻力和压力反射波的影响,但AASI有可能更能反映小动脉的功能,能提供与脉压不同的血管危险评估价值。尤其在低危人群中,AASI是脑卒中的敏感预测指标。另一方面,AASI不需专门设备和操作人员,直接可以从动态血压监测中获得,检测方便。Safar教授的研究小组最近比较了AASI、QKD及他们提出的新指数——脉压与平均动脉压的回归斜率(PP/MBP)三者之间的关系。发现QKD的可重复性变异系数CV=4%)优于AASI(CV=25%)及PP/MBP(CV=61%)。而且只有QKD能独立于24h脉压及其他危险因素预测心血管事件。Safar教授认为,利用动态血压监测,QKD方法可能比AASI与PWV的关系更密切。AASI可以作为反映动脉硬化程度的间接指标以及高血压人群心血管危险评估的一个指标。但AASI受心脏收缩功能、心率、外周阻力、压力反射波的影响,其可重复性较低。所以,AASI用来检测某个具体临床患者的大血管功能意义不大,而可能更适合于大规模临床或人群研究中的血管功能评估。Schillaci等在515例未治疗的高血压患者中,发现AASI的大小与夜间血压是否下降有关(与夜间收缩压下降r=-0.28,与舒张压下降r=-0.46,P<0.001)。PWV相同的患者,夜间血压不下降者的AASI要显著高于夜间血压下降者。在调整年龄、平均动脉压、心率后,AASI与PWV不存在显著关联。作者认为AASI可能不是一个动脉硬化指标,而可能只是和夜间血压是否下降有关,并建议在以后的研究中,考虑夜间血压下降程度对AASI的影响。Baumann等在106例患者中,也发现AASI与日夜血压比值有关,且只在夜间血压下降者中发现AASI与肱动脉脉搏压有关,在夜间血压不下降者中无显著关联。Adiyaman等则认为,正因为AASI与PWV都反映动脉硬化程度,都受同样的影响因素作用,所以在进行两者关联性的分析时,如果校正年龄、血压等因素,必然使显著的关联变得不显著。同时,Dechering等发现,AASI和日间及夜间血压的读数多少有关。日间血压读数多或夜间血压读数少,会使AASI偏大。Gavish等认为AASI与夜间血压下降程度的关联的原因主要是AASI的大小与收缩压和舒张压之间的关联系数(r)有关。他们建议改良AASI计算的方法,将收缩压作为应变量,舒张压作为自变量,以消除这种关联。

综合以上的争论,结合现有的研究证据,认为:①AASI是一个反映动脉硬化程度的间接指标,受一些血流动力学参数的影响,如心率、动脉压力反射波、外周阻力等。②AASI与靶器官损伤有关,能提供与其他血管功能参数(包括24h脉压与PWV)不同的心血管预测价值,尤其是在低危人群(相对年轻或正常血压者)中,对卒中有独特的预测价值。③AASI测量方便,无须专门的设备和人员培训。④基于以上特点,AASI比较适用于大规模的临床研究或流行病学调查中的血管功能评估。⑤AASI的局限性:因为AASI是一个回归斜率,从数学计算的角度上,AASI的大小受24h动态血压测量次数、日夜血压变异范围的影响。日间血压读数过多或夜间读数过少,或24h血压变异范围较小(如夜间血压不下降),会使AASI数值偏高。我们认为,为了较客观地测量AASI,白天每20min,夜间每30min测量一次血压比较合适。在研究AASI的心血管预测价值时,也需要考虑到夜间血压不下降可能带来的混杂影响。⑥AASI值得进一步研究。AASI究竟反映了动脉的哪些特性?它的影响因素有哪些?在实际应用中AASI是否需要改良,是否需要规范计算方法?对卒中高发的我国人群,其危险预测价值如何?用药物干预,降低AASI后,是否有独立于其他危险因素改善,如血压下降的益处?这些都值得对这个新指数进一步研究探讨。

(李 燕 王继光)

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