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呼吸功能重建

时间:2022-03-12 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:完全性颈髓损伤患者可致肋间肌瘫痪,此时因脊髓损伤水平不同可致膈神经功能不同程度的受累,使呼吸功能受影响,通气量及排痰能力下降,造成肺部感染等并发症。但是,膈神经完全瘫痪的康复至今仍是呼吸功能恢复的重大难题。磁刺激的强度较高,可能使脊髓损伤患者失用的呼吸肌纤维发生轻度损伤,而肌纤维轻度损伤可能促进肌纤维增生或构型重建。这表明膈神经与肋间神经的吻合可以有效地重建单侧膈神经丧失的功能。

完全性颈髓损伤患者可致肋间肌瘫痪,此时因脊髓损伤水平不同可致膈神经功能不同程度的受累,使呼吸功能受影响,通气量及排痰能力下降,造成肺部感染等并发症。

随着脊髓损伤研究的不断发展,膈神经拥有自发性恢复的能力已经得到了公认。其潜在的修复途径-交叉膈神经现象(the crossed phrenic phenomenon,CPP)也已经被实验所证明。膈神经在这个自发性恢复过程中经历1~2个月的时间,逐渐恢复到原功能的25%~70%。但是,膈神经完全瘫痪的康复至今仍是呼吸功能恢复的重大难题。

1.功能电刺激

(1)膈肌电刺激:2008年,Alshekhlee等为证明膈肌起搏的有效性,对单侧膈麻痹的36名患者(其中29名为脊髓损伤)中的26名患者进行了膈肌起搏器的置入,结果其中25名患者成功起搏并能每日脱机4h以上。针对高位截瘫中完整的膈神经的刺激则可以诱导有效的呼吸、改进发声、促进咳嗽排痰、增加活动并且提高生活质量。随着临床研究的进一步深入,也有医生开始应用微创技术置入电刺激物致膈肌上的膈神经运动点来达到膈肌起搏的效果。也有学者提出联合刺激肋间神经和膈神经来重建呼吸。

(2)腹肌电刺激:1996年,Sorli等对9名神经功能完好的正常人应用了电刺激腹肌,证明刺激时的潮气量和呼吸频率都有增加。2000年,Stanic等研究表明电刺激腹肌对脊髓损伤患者潮气量的恢复有直接的积极作用。

2.功能性磁刺激 功能性磁刺激是利用时变电流流入线圈,产生时变磁场,在组织内感应出电流,使某些可兴奋组织产生兴奋的无创性诊断和治疗技术,具有安全、无创等优点,可避免置入电极、损伤膈神经等手术的危险。Lin等使用功能性磁刺激连续4周刺激C4~C7脊髓损伤患者T10~T11棘突部位,治疗后最大呼气压、用力呼气流速、补呼气量都明显增加,停止治疗后2周,上述指标逐渐降到治疗前水平。线圈放置于T10~T11棘突主要是刺激T7~L2脊神经,激活大部分呼气肌,使呼气功能改善,提高咳嗽能力。磁刺激有助于恢复失用呼吸肌的长度和耐力,其作用机制可能与磁刺激使肌肉收缩诱导肌球蛋白异构体发生迁移有关。磁刺激的强度较高,可能使脊髓损伤患者失用的呼吸肌纤维发生轻度损伤,而肌纤维轻度损伤可能促进肌纤维增生或构型重建。磁刺激能否改变肌肉重量或产生某些代谢方面的改变目前还缺乏深入研究。Lin推荐脊神经损伤后如促进吸气容量增加可刺激C3~C5、C4~C7、T1~T6;如促进呼气容量增加可刺激T6~T12节段。其中刺激C6~C7产生的吸气容量和压力最高,刺激T9~T10产生的呼气容量和压力最高。另外磁刺激线圈的大小不同对呼吸肌功能的影响也不同。Hsiao等用不同直径的圆形、螺旋形线圈刺激脊髓损伤患者下胸段脊神经,结果提示直径20cm的螺旋形线圈可诱导产生最大的呼气压和呼气流速。

3.呼吸功能重建的手术治疗 2000年Krieger等对6例长期使用呼吸机的高位颈髓损伤患者进行了第四肋间神经和膈神经(距膈肌5cm)端端吻合术,并在吻合端远侧置入膈神经起搏器。其中8侧例吻合用了超过3个月的时间进行神经再生,并完成对膈肌起搏。2005年DiMarco对4名呼吸机依赖的颈髓损伤患者实施了手术,他将患者单侧膈神经与肋间神经吻合,并在上胸髓腹侧面置入一个多极盘状硬膜外电极,手术后患者的吸气量增加,并且患者能每日脱机呼吸16~24h。这表明膈神经与肋间神经的吻合可以有效地重建单侧膈神经丧失的功能。2004年Polentes等将嗅鞘细胞移植到颈2半切损伤大鼠的损伤部位,结果显示损伤侧膈神经功能恢复80.7%,膈肌活动恢复73%。然后再行对侧颈1半切,结果发现原损伤侧膈神经功能保留57.5%,表明恢复是源于原损伤侧的脊髓。2005年,Bae等将大鼠脊髓半切损伤模型进行了颈动脉体的切除,结果显示切除侧膈肌的自发性恢复显著提前,最早在脊髓损伤后2周即出现。2008年Tubbs等提出通过副神经与膈神经吻合的方法促使膈神经再生,但他仅初步证明了手术方法的可行性,尚待进一步实验进行研究。

(潘 钰 孙知寒)

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