述位理论在提纲式作文中的应用

“教师在写作教学中，应采取多种方式，如命题作文、给出大纲、让学生对大的篇章进行缩写等，有意识地引导学生根据不同的体裁、读者对象做篇章主位安排”。^[11]

篇章主位结构的安排给篇章确定发展框架时，第一个句子的主位往往是发展中的纲或篇章主题，其余各句的主位围绕这个纲形成流程图式发展趋向，^[12]因此，篇章开端的第一句将决定作者写作关注的核心，也决定了篇章的话题范围。例如，如何以“A Fable for Tomorrow”为题，从以下三个句子中选择一个句子作为文章的起首句（opening sentence）。例如：

① When the first settlers arrived there，the land was full of life.

② The town was located in the heart of America，amid prosperous farms with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards.

③ What has happened to this town that used to be prosperous，colorful and full of life?

选择哪一句呢？第2句。根据篇章主题“A Fable for Tomorrow”，可预知内容是借用寓言故事的结构形式以曾经发生过的故事给人们以警示，第1句和第3句以疑问词作为主位将叙述灾难来临之前或者之后发生的故事，局限了主题的发展，不利于形成对比；句2以“The town”作为第二层级的主位，易于以描写的形式叙述故事。

对篇章的主题发展做出合理的选择后进一步给出围绕主题的outline来确定篇章的主位框架。例如：

① The location of the town，its environment when the first settlers arrived；

② The blight，its results；

③ The actual situation—grim spectre creeping upon us.

从以上的提纲可以确定每个段落的主题和话题的范围，清楚地认知篇章片段的安排，即由小镇的地理位置开始介绍它的环境，继而描写农药造成的枯死病带来的后果，总结环境污染给人类的教训。篇章的主位框架如下：

the town→its environment→the blight→its results→the actual situation

最后，赏析范文。以下是根据命题和大纲撰写的摘要范文。

The town was located in the heart of America, amid prosperous farms with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards. Flowers bloomed in spring and trees provided a blend of colors in autumn. Small animals wandered in the fields and hills. Flowers bloomed by the roadside most of the year. Even in winter birds could feed on berries and seed heads above the snow. There were also streams with trout. This was the scene when the first settlers came.

Then came a blight; chickens, as well as cattle and sheep, sickened, and people, young and old alike, were stricken with unknown diseases. A strange silence prevailed. On the farms, no chickens were hatched, piglets died, no bees hovered over apple blossoms, thus no pollination, and no fruit. What remained were patches of white granular powder. Man-made action had destroyed everything.

Such a town may not actually exist. No communities have suffered all of the disasters. But every one of these disasters has happened somewhere and many communities have suffered a number of them. A grim spectre has crept onto us unnoticed and this imagined tragedy may become a stark reality.

摘要的主位框架如下：

the town→flowers→small animals→flowers→even in winter→there→this；then came→a strange silence→on the farms→what remained→man-made action；such a town→no communities →but every one of these disasters→a grim spectre

以上宏观的主位结构框架让作者很快把握了写作思路，可以排除和主题不相关的细节，也可以避免句子的语法主语一直作主位的单调重复，主位交替出现、位置状语置于主位位置（even in winter、on the farms）、存在句主位等多种主位满足了读者的空间定位倾向，使叙述错落有致、结构紧凑、内容充实而结尾又富有哲理。