四大逻辑关系

[学习建议：第2天完成]

作者讲解

Section 1：考点解读

问：完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有哪些？

答：完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有以下4种：1. 同义并列关系；2. 反义转折关系；3. 举例说明；4. 因果关系。

Section 2：考点解密

1. 同义并列关系

完形填空中的同义并列关系通常有两种情况，一种是设空词通常和上下文中的某个词是同义或并列关系，或感情色彩是一致的，比如两者都是褒义、贬义，或者都意为“开心或悲伤”等。另一种情况是前后两个句子之间是并列关系。

Garth's email was short, but I learned more from that　1　message than I ever did from a textbook.

1. A. accurate　B. urgent　C. brief　D. humorous

解析：

本题虽然有bu, 但考查的却是同义并列关系，上文提到short一词，可知该email很短，但“我”从该message中学到很多，那这个message指的就是emai, 而email是short的，那message也是short的。进行以上的逻辑分析后再看四个选项，能表示“简短”的只有brief一词，所以本题答案为C。

Once I knew that I was goin, all I could think about was the fun of foreign travel and making all sorts of new and　1　friends. While travelling was inspiring and meeting people was　2　，nothing about my term in France was what I expected.

1. A. stubborn　B. anxious　C. universal　D. interesting

2. A. boring　B. upsetting　C. exciting　D. promising

解析：

本段的两个小题都考查上下文之间的同义并列关系。从上文已知线索the fun of foreign travel和and可知，异国之旅是有趣的，同时也能交到新的和“有趣的”朋友，所以第1题的答案为, 只有interesting能和fun语义并列。

通过上文已知线索travelling was inspiring和and可知，能和inspiring构成同义并列的词只有excitin, 所以第2题答案为C。

2. 反义转折关系

设空词通常和文中的某个词是反义关系，比如褒义对贬义、快对慢、高对低等，常有bu, o, howeve, while（表转折），although等标志词出现，有时还有un-，im-等否定前缀出现。

On the whol, our population is getting older. The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the wors, while some see　1　，not disaster.

1. A. dreams　B. chances　C. strengths　D. choices

解析：

本题的解题关键就是要了解while表示转折对比关系。上文线索提到一些人担心这些改变将会带来一些坏处，再根据下文线索not disaster可知，还有一些人看到的不是灾难，分析各选项，与“灾难”相对应的是“机会”。所以本题答案选B。选项C是强干扰项，意为“实力，优势”，但代入文中与语境不符，故排除。

The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respec, tears and smile, the knowing and the　1　an, most of al, an understanding of each other. This was the power that music in the classroom could have.

1. A. unprepared　B. unspoken　C. unknown　D. unforgotten

解析：

本题的解题关键在于上文所提到的tears and smile, 可以看出and前后连接的是两个语义相反的单词，应该填一个knowing的反义词unknow, 所以本题答案为C。

I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speakin, 　1　she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reaso, she was impressed with my work and me.

1. A. and　B. yet　C. so　D. for

解析：

从选项的特征可以看出本题考查的是上下文之间的逻辑关系。上文说“她”的声音unpleasan, 同时说话也很direc, 而下文又提到“她”的话鼓舞人心（encouraging and inspiring），由此可以看出上下文之间的逻辑关系为反义转折关系，所以本题答案为B。

3. 举例说明

举例论证法比较常用，主要是通过举例来解释和说明空格处所填内容的含义，常伴随for exampl, such as等标志词出现，但有时也会直接举例，而不出现标志词。

Even though we can't live foreve, we are living a　1　life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span（寿命）was only 47 year, but today it is 75 years!

1. A. busier　B. longer　C. richer　D. happier

解析：

空格后面举例说，1900年美国人平均寿命只有47岁，而现在是75岁。以此来说明现在人类的寿命比过去长。所以答案为B。

For exampl, many birds have good number sense. If a nest has four eggs and you remove on, the bird will not　1　. Howeve, if you remove tw, the bird　2　leaves. This means that the bird knows the　3　between two and three.

1. A. survive　B. care　C. hatch　D. notice

2. A. generally　B. sincerely　C. casually　D. deliberately

3. A. distance　B. range　C. difference　D. interval

解析：

本段主要是通过举例来说明鸟对数字有很好的认知。第1题：通过下文已知线索Howeve, if you remove tw, the bird…leaves可知，当人们拿走一个鸟蛋的时候，小鸟是不会注意到的，所以答案为D。B不可选，因为care表示在发现情况后不在乎，而此处是说小鸟并没有发现一个鸟蛋被拿走。第2题：具体举例介绍小鸟的good number sens, 如果两个鸟蛋被拿走，小鸟通常会离开，故答案为A。第3题：上文举的例子是在说明小鸟能知道数字2和3的不同，所以答案为C。

4. 因果关系

上下文的关系是因果关系，有时给出原因，求结果；有时给出结果，求原因。此类题型常伴随fo, becaus, reason等词出现。

People are living longer because more people　1　childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of natur, many children died of common childhood diseases.

1. A. survive　B. enjoy　C. remember　D. value

解析：

本题的解题关键是空格前的becaus, 由上文线索People are living longer可知现在人们的寿命更长，那原因是什么呢？将选项分别代入，更多的人在童年就“幸存下来”符合语义。所以本题答案选A。另外，根据下文线索可知过去的小孩是died of common childhood disease, 与die相对应的是surviv, 所以现在人们应该是survive childhoo, 此处前后线索也体现了反义转折关系。

Section 1：线索定位训练

下面的真题中已将已知线索加粗，主要目标是训练同学们养成寻找已知线索的习惯。

A

It was a rainy morning and the childre, mainly boys with various learning difficultie, refused to settle for the start of the lesson. As an inexperienced teache, I tried every means to get them to be　1　，but in vain. My panic was rising and I could feel my heart beating wildly. This was the　2　of my job as a music teache, I thought—teaching was not for me. Then I had an idea. Hoping that no one would notice that I was　3　insid, I threw my voice as far as it would reach: "Put your heads on the desks and close your　4　!We are going on a journey. ”

　5　，the children fell silent. "Now what should I do?”I thought to myself. Reaching over to my collection of CD, I blindly　6　，put it in the machine and played it.

Obediently（顺从地），my class lay their heads on their desk, closed their eyes and　7　. When the music starte, the room was filled with the most beautiful tones and musical colors I could have ever imagined. All the children were　8　. When the music finishe, I asked them all to raise their　9　slowly so that we could share our musical journeys.

At this poin, when all the children were willing to share their experience, I began to learn how to　10　. The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respec, tears and smile, the knowing and the　11　an, most of al, an understanding of each other. This was the power that　12　in the classroom could have.

1. A. glad　B. safe　C. kind　D. quiet

2. A. end　B. aim　C. rule　D. plan

3. A. guessing　B. shaking　C. responding　D. laughing

4. A. eyes　B. mouths　C. books　D. doors

5. A. Punctually　B. Importantly　C. Amazingly　D. Obviously

6. A. passed one on　B. gave one back　C. turned one in　D. took one out

7. A. slept　B. nodded　C. waited　D. continued

8. A. talking　B. singing　C. dancing　D. listening

9. A. legs　B. heads　C. arms　D. shoulders

10. A. teach　B. imagine　C. play　D. understand

11. A. unprepared　B. unspoken　C. unknown　D. unforgotten

12. A. games　B. music　C. tears　D. knowledge

B

Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the　1　，your body clock is confused. You're sleepy all da, but when it's time for be, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you're　2　jet lag（时差反应）.

Travelers have traditionally fought this　3　with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as　4　.

For exampl, the moment you get on the airplan, start　5　your biological clock to the destination's time. If it's daytime in your destinatio, try to stay　6　. Walking around the cabin（客舱）can be of help. When it's nighttim, try to sleep. In that cas, eat before the fligh, 　7　an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a new　8　of sleep and wakefulness.

1. A. flight　B. change　C. demand　D. climate

2. A. suffering from　B. working on　C. looking into　D. leading to

3. A. danger　B. problem　C. waste　D. fear

4. A. briefly　B. slowly　C. suddenly　D. effectively

5. A. checking　B. sending　C. adjusting　D. stopping

6. A. awake　B. alone　C. hungry　D. calm

7. A. though　B. so　C. while　D. or

8. A. understanding　B. cycle　C. research　D. trend

Section 2：答案详解

A

文章大意：本文讲述了作者教音乐课的一次经历。作者明白了教学的真谛在于和学生之间的相互尊重、理解与分享。

1. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 开心的；B. 安全的；C. 友善的；D. 安静的

解题分析：根据第一段的线索refused to settle for the start of the lesson和第二段第一句的线索the children fell silent可知，作者试了各种方法让学生安静下来，但都徒劳无功，所以答案选D。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 结束；B. 目标；C. 规则；D. 计划

解题分析：根据下文线索I thought—teaching was not for me可知，作者因为无法使学生安静下来，觉得自己不适合教书，认为这是自己作为音乐老师的职业生涯的终结。所以答案选A。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 猜想；B. 颤抖；C. 回应；D. 大笑

解题分析：根据上文线索My panic was rising and I could feel my heart beating wildly可知，作者的内心其实是难以平静的，所以答案选B。

4. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 眼睛；B. 嘴；C. 书籍；D. 门

解题分析：根据第三段开头的线索my class lay their heads on their desk, closed their eyes可知，此时作者让学生趴在桌子上，然后闭上眼睛，所以答案选A。

5. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 准时地；B. 重要地；C. 令人惊奇地；D. 显然地

解题分析：根据下文线索the children fell silen, 再结合上文学生的表现，可知作者没有想到学生会迅速安静下来，所以答案选C。

6. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 传递一个；B. 还回一个；C. 上交一个；D. 拿出一个

解题分析：根据上文线索Reaching over to my collection of CDs和下文线索put it in the machine and played it可知，作者应该是从CD盒里面拿了一张CD出来，然后放给学生听，所以答案选D。

7. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 睡觉；B. 点头；C. 等待；D. 继续

解题分析：根据上文线索my class lay their heads on their des, closed their eyes和第四段开头的线索At this poin, when all the children were willing to share their experiences可知，当作者准备播放音乐时，学生并没有睡着，而是在等待音乐响起，所以答案选C。

8. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 谈话；B. 唱歌；C. 跳舞；D. 聆听

解题分析：根据上文线索可知，老师在放音乐，而学生当然是在聆听音乐，所以答案选D。

9. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 腿；B. 头；C. 胳膊；D. 肩膀

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索my class lay their heads on their desks可知，学生之前是趴在书桌上的，所以现在应是抬起头来，raise sb's head表示“某人抬起头来”，所以答案选B。

10. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 教课；B. 想象；C. 玩耍；D. 理解

解题分析：根据上下文语义线索可知，学生们从开始不愿上课，到最后跟着作者一起参与其中，这让作者开始学会了如何教学，所以答案选A。

11. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 无准备的；B. 无言的；C. 未知的；D. 难忘的

解题分析：根据上文所提到的tears and smile, 可以看出and连接的是两个语义相反的单词，所以此处应该填knowing的反义词unknow, 答案为C。

12. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 游戏；B. 音乐；C. 眼泪；D. 知识

解题分析：考查全文主题。上文提到，这堂课的经历让作者知道，教学是老师与学生相互分享和尊重，充满了泪水和欢笑、已知与未知，最主要的是，音乐让大家相互了解，这就是音乐的力量。所以答案选B。

B

文章大意：本文讲述在旅行中如何调整生物钟。

1. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 航班；B. 变化；C. 要求；D. 气候

解题分析：考查名词辨析。根据上文线索the first days in a new time zone可知，到了新的时区，如果不能很快适应时区变化，生物钟就会紊乱，所以答案选B。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 遭受；B. 从事于；C. 调查；D. 导致

解题分析：考查动词短语辨析。根据上文线索when it's time for be, you can hardly fall asleep可知，到了睡觉时间却睡不着，显然这是在“遭受”时差反应，所以答案选A。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 危险；B. 问题；C. 浪费；D. 恐惧

解题分析：考查名词辨析。根据上下文语义线索可知，旅行者一般会吃安眠药或喝酒来应对时差问题，所以答案选B。

4. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 简洁地；B. 慢慢地；C. 突然地；D. 有效地

解题分析：考查副词辨析。根据上下文语境可知，此处是说，为应对倒时差问题，其实有更有益健康的方法，这些方法同吃安眠药和喝酒所达到的效果一样。完整的表达应该是work just as effectively as sleeping pills or alcoho, 所以答案选D。

5. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 检查；B. 发送；C. 调整；D. 停止

解题分析：考查动词辨析。根据下文线索可知，此处是说在上飞机前就根据目的地的时间调整生物钟，并且空格后出现了t, 能与此构成固定搭配的是adjus, 所以答案选C。

6. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 醒着的；B. 独自的；C. 饥饿的；D. 平静的

解题分析：考查形容词辨析和反义逻辑。根据下文线索When it's nighttim, try to sleep可知，如果是白天到达目的地，就要保持清醒。stay awake意为“保持清醒”，所以答案选A。

7. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 虽然；B. 因此；C. 当……时候；然而；D. 否则；或者

解题分析：考查连词辨析和反义逻辑。根据上下文线索eat before the flight和an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping可知，前后两个分句表示相反的含义，所以答案选, 意思是“在坐飞机前吃饭，否则，空腹无法让你入睡。”

8. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 理解；B. 循环；C. 研究；D. 倾向，趋势

解题分析：考查名词辨析。根据上文线索，这些方法能让生物钟开始新的循环，所以答案选B。

Section 1：真题精练

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

When Joe was about to start schoo, all signs pointed to success. Yet things turned out to be quite　1　. The fourth grade even found him at the　2　of the class. Joe struggled day and night but it did not　3　—until one stormy afternoon.

On that afternoo, 　4　the math teacher started to introduce difficult concept, dark clouds covered the sk, and the storm set in. Hard though she tried to make the kids　5　，the thunder won the battle for their attention. No one　6　the concepts. Except for Joe. He understood them and answered all the questions correctly. The teacher patted him on the bac, and told him to go around to the others and explain how he had managed it. 　7　by his newfound succes, Joe moved quickly throughout the room. Soon math time was followed by the time for　8　. All children naturally drew　9　pictures on such a day. Except for Joe.

Since the, Joe started　10　. Though he never made it to the to, his math teacher was always　11　and curious about the change: Why had that stormy day changed Joe?

On the day Joe graduate, he presented the teacher with his most. 　12　possession—the picture of a bright yellow sun. On the picture Joe had written: This is the day I　13　my brightness.

1. A. unfair　B. boring　C. disappointing　D. dangerous

2. A. center　B. top　C. beginning　D. bottom

3. A. happen　B. work　C. finish　D. last

4. A. until　B. since　C. because　D. as

5. A. concentrate　B. change　C. hide　D. sit

6. A. challenged　B. grasped　C. doubted　D. admitted

7. A. Relieved　B. Surprised　C. Encouraged　D. Puzzled

8. A. class　B. sports　C. art　D. tea

9. A. great　B. dark　C. different　D. strange

10. A. improving　B. painting　C. recovering　D. studying

11. A. worried　B. amazed　C. friendly　D. cautious

12. A. familiar　B. expensive　C. admirable　D. precious

13. A. woke up to　B. put up with　C. got on with　D. looked down upon

Section 2：答案详解

文章大意：乔在刚上小学的时候，所有迹象都表明他会是个成绩优秀的好学生，但是情况并非如此，虽然他很努力，但是没有成效。一个雷雨天的下午改变了他的学习轨迹。在别的同学不能集中注意力听课的情况下，他掌握了老师讲的所有知识，于是老师鼓励他给同学们讲解他是如何做到这一点的。在这样一个阴雨天，他意识到了自己的聪明才智，并因此受到了鼓舞。在接下来的美术课上，其他同学的画颜色都很灰暗，而他的画色彩明亮，以此符合他的心境。

1. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 不公平的；B. 令人厌烦的；C. 令人失望的；D. 危险的

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索all signs pointed to success和Yet可知情况发生了变化，乔的学习成绩并不是很好，而是令人失望（disappointing），所以选C。

2. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 中心；B. 顶端；C. 开始；D. 底部；最后

解题分析：根据上文线索可知，乔的学习情况令人失望，且根据空格前表递进的eve, 可知他的成绩更糟糕了。四年级时乔的成绩甚至在班里排到了最后，所以选择, at the bottom of意为“在……底部，垫底”。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 发生；B. 起作用；C. 完成；D. 持续

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索Joe struggled day and nigh, 说明他很努力，but表示转折，说明努力没有成效，所以选B。

4. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 直到；B. 自……以来；C. 因为；D. 当……时候

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索可知，当数学老师讲解数学概念的时候，外面乌云密布，暴风雨即将来临。as在此处引导时间状语从句，所以答案选D。

5. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 集中注意力；B. 改变；C. 隐藏；D. 坐着

解题分析：根据下文线索the thunder won the battle for their attention可知，雷声吸引了学生的注意力，所以此处是说老师在努力使学生们集中注意力（concentrate）听课，所以选A。

6. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 挑战；B. 掌握；C. 怀疑；D. 承认

解题分析：考查因果逻辑。根据上文线索the thunder won the battle for their attention可知，雷声吸引了其他学生的注意力，导致学生们不能集中注意力听老师讲课，所以应该是没有人能够掌握老师讲的那些概念。所以答案选B。

7. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 减轻；B. 惊讶；C. 鼓励，鼓舞；D. 困惑

解题分析：考查因果逻辑。根据上文线索He understood them and answered all the questions correctly. The teacher patted him on the bac, and told him to go around to the other, and explain how he had managed it. 可知，只有乔正确回答了与数学概念相关的所有问题，所以老师让他告诉同学自己是怎样做到的。由此可知，他受到了老师的鼓励，所以答案选C。

8. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 课程；班级；B. 运动；C. 艺术，美术；D. 茶

解题分析：根据下文线索all children drew pictures可知，数学课之后应是美术课。所以选C。

9. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 极好的；B. 黑暗的；深色的；C. 不同的；D. 奇怪的

解题分析：根据下文线索Except for Joe和最后一段的the picture of a bright yellow sun可知，乔画的是明亮的太阳，那么别的孩子的画颜色应该都很灰暗，所以选B。

10. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 提高；B. 画画；C. 恢复；D. 学习

解题分析：考查全文主题。本文首段提到乔的成绩disappointin, 而这里在讲他开始转变，成绩开始提高，所以选A。

11. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 担心的；B. 惊讶的；C. 友好的；D. 小心的

解题分析：考查同义并列逻辑。本题的解题关键是空后的连词and和形容词curiou, 根据and可知要填入的词和后面的curious语义并列，所以答案选B。

12. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 熟悉的；B. 贵的；C. 令人钦佩的；D. 珍贵的

解题分析：考查全文主题。做好本题的关键是通读全文，才能悟出答案的意义。这幅有明亮太阳的画对于乔来讲是十分珍贵的，因为它意味着乔学习轨迹的改变，代表他心中的希望。所以选D。

13. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 认识到，意识到；B. 忍受；C. 与……相处；D. 看不起

解题分析：考查全文主题。上文中已经谈到那幅画对于乔的意义，从那天开始，乔受到鼓舞，成绩开始提升，所以他在画上写的应是：这是我意识到自己聪明才智的日子。所以答案选A。