【导读】
本文摘自马克思《<政治经济学批判>导言》。
【箴言】
事物的本质只有在它发展到一定阶段的时候才能清晰地显露出来，因此，这一清晰的本质就是一把钥匙，借此，我们可以对整个历史重新作出合乎逻辑的描述，展示出历史的内在规律性；而在此之前我们只不过是在盲目的搜索经验的事实而已。——邓晓芒《西方哲学史》
低级运动形态的规律在高级运动形态中，只能在高级形态的特殊规律支配下，起局部的辅助的作用。萧焜《从黑格尔、费尔巴哈到马克思》
人体解剖对于猴体解剖是一把钥匙。低等动物身上表露的高等动物的征兆，反而是有在高等动物本身已被认识之后才能理解。
【正文】
资产阶级社会是历史上最发达和最复杂的生产组织，因此，那些表现它的各种关系的范畴以及对于它的结构的认识，同时也能使我们透视过去一切社会形式的结构和生产关系。资产阶级社会还包含着过去的社会形式所遗留的东西和它的构成要素，其中一部分是还未克服的遗物，继续存留着，一部分原来只是有些征兆的东西，现在已经有了进一步发展，使我们可以充分地认识它们存在的意义，等等。人体解剖是对于猴类解剖是一把钥匙。低等动物身上表露的高等动物的征兆，反而只有在高等动物本身已被认识之后才能理解。资产阶级经济为我们理解古代经济等提供了钥匙，但是这种理解决不像有些经济学家的理解那样，抹杀一切历史差别，把一切社会形式都看成资产阶级社会形式。人认识了地租，就能理解代役租、什一税等等，但是不应当把它们等同起来。
英文鉴赏
Bourgeois society is the most advanced and complex historical organization of production. The categories which express its relations, and an understanding of its structure, therefore, provide an insight into the structure and the relations of production of all formerly existing social formations the ruins and component elements of which were used in the creation of bourgeois society. Some of these unassimilated remains are still carried on within bourgeois society, others, however, which previously existed. only in rudimentary form, have been further developed and have attained their full significance, etc. The anatomy of man is a key to the anatomy of the ape. On the other hand, rudiments of more advanced forms in the lower species of animals can only be understood when the more advanced forms are already known. Bourgeois economy thus provides a key to the economy of antiquity, etc. But it is quite impossible (to gain this insight) in the manner of those economists who obliterate all historical differences and who see in all social phenomena only bourgeois phenomena. If one knows rent, it is possible to understand tribute, tithe, etc., but they do not have to be treated as identical.
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