马克斯的劳力价值学说

(3)马克斯的劳力价值学说

马克斯(K.Marx)的名著《资本论》(Das Kapital)所以为人崇拜的，在于剩余价值(Surplus value)学说。其实，在《资本论》出版以前，他有一部《经济学评论》(Critique of Political Economy)，就是专门讨论货币问题。后来扩充为《资本论》，把前书收在首三章内，但有一部分已被删节。兹就两书略为摘录几点如下:

劳力从有用价值来说，虽然具有种种特殊的个性，但从交换价值来说，则失去其个性而成为抽象的一般的劳力。

“...The different use-values are the products of the work of the different individuals，consequently the result of various kinds of labour differing individually fromone to another.But as exchange values they represent the homogeneous labor，i.e.，labor fromwhich the individuality of the workers is eliminated.Labor creating exchange value is，therefore，abstract general labor.”^[83]

劳力可以测量，其测量基础为粗工。

“It is unskilled labor to which the average individual can be put and which he has to performin one way or another.The character of this average labor varies in different countries and at different stages of civilization，but appears fixed in a particular society.Unskilled labor constitutes the bulk of all labour performed in capitalist society，as may be seen fromallstatistics.”^[84]

劳力是交换价值的惟一来源。

“Since the exchange value of commodities is，in fact，nothing but a mutual relation of the labors of individuals—labors which are similar and universal—nothing butamaterial expression of a specific social formof labor，it is a tautology to say that labor is the only source of exchange value and consequently of wealth，in so far as the latter consists of exchange values.”^[85]

“It is wrong to speak of labor in so far as it is applied to the production of use-values as of the only source of wealth，namely，the material wealth produced by it.Being an activity intended to adoptmaterials to this or that purpose，it requiresmatter as a prerequisite...On the contrary，labor producing exchange value is a specifically social formof labor.”^[86]

关于机械，马克斯轻巧地把它摒出劳力之外，这是理嘉图所未说的。马克斯不承认资本是价值的一部分，其理由，机械虽可节省相当劳力，但一物之职能在乎其效用，而此效用从交换价值说来在乎其所得之结果。机械价值之决定不是它能节省劳力，而是它自己生产时所费之劳力。

“Amachine saves labor to a certain extent.This function of a commodity by virtue of which it serves only as use-value，as an article of consumption，may be called its service，the service it renders as use-value.But as exchange value，a commodity is always regarded as a result;the question in this case is not as to the service which it renders，but as to the service which，it has been rendered in its production.Thus，the exchange value of a machine is determined not by the quantity of labor-time which it saves，but by the quantity of labor-time which has been expended on itsown production，and which is，therefore，required to produce a newmachine of the same kind.”^[87]

金银的价值与寻常货物相同，也是劳力所产生。马克斯对于金银并不把它们看做机械一样而说是无价值。

“...that every single commodity ismeasured in gold，in proportion to the labor-time contained in both，that the actual common measure of the commodity and of gold is labor;or that commodity and gold are passed for each other in direct barter as equal exchange values....in countries producing gold and silver，certain commodities of labor-time are directly embodied in definite quantities of gold and silver，while in countries which do not produce gold and silver the same result is reached in a round-about way，by direct or indirect exchange of the commodities of those countries;i.e.，a definite portion of average national labor is given for a definite quantity of labor-time，embodied in the gold and silver of the mine-owning countries．．．．Since labor-time is the common measure of gold and commodities，and since gold figures as the measure of value only in so far as all commodities are measured by it，the idea that money makes commodities commensurable，is therefore a mere fiction of the process of circulation.It is rather the con-measurability of commodities as incorporated labor-time，that turns gold into money.”^[88]

黄金为价值的尺度，并为价格的标准。黄金因为自己的价格变为不定，所以能为价值的尺度，又因为它的分量是不变的，所以能为价格的标准。

“Gold asmeasure of value and as standard of price has entirely different forms ofmanifestation and the confusing of the two has resulted in the widest of theories.Gold is a measure of value as incorporated labor-time;it is the standard of price as a certain weight ofmetal....Gold is the measure of value，because its value is variable;it is the standard of price，because it is fixed as a constant unit of weight....No matter how the value of gold may vary，the ratios between the values of different quantities of gold remain constant.Let the fall in the value of gold amount to 1，000 per cent.，still twelve ounzes of gold will have a twelve times greater value than one ounze of gold;and in prices the only thing considered is the ratio between different quantities of gold.Since，on the other hand，no rise or fall in the value of one ounze of gold can alter its weight，no alteration can take place in the weight of its aliquot parts.Thus gold always renders the same service as an invariable standard of price，no matter how much its value may vary.”^[89]

马克斯把货物与货币的交换分为两类。第一类是先将货物出卖取得货币，再买进其他货物。用符号表之，为C—M—C。这是农民的经济行为。在此形式之中，货币不过是交易进展中的过渡手段。C与C价值相等同，性质不同(Qualitative difference)。两极端都是有用价值。第二类是先有货币，用以买进货物，再把它卖出，收回货币。用符号表之，则为M—C—M。这是工商的经济行为。在此形式之中，货物不过是一种过渡办法，目的在将某种数量的货币变为更大数量的货币。M与M是交换价值，性质相同而数量有别(Quantitative difference)。其正确形式为M—C—M'。在此，M'=M+△M。此多余的△M，叫做剩余价值。

“The character and tendency of the process，M-C-M，is therefore not due to any qualitative difference between its extremes，both being money，but solely to their quantitative difference.More money is withdrawn from circulation at the finish than was thrown into it at the start.The cotton that was bought for￡100 is perhaps resold for￡100+￡10 or￡110.The exact formof this process is therefore M-C-M'where M'=M+△M=the original sumadvanced，plus an increment.This increment or excess over the original valueⅠcall‘surplus value’...It is this movement that converts it into capital.”^[90]

马克斯不承认资本，并不是绝对不承认资本，而是不承认资本有利息。他对于买卖货物以外的投资，也适用这公式，但其形式简括为M—M'而已。^[91]