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多样性和横截性

时间:2022-04-21 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:尾声:人性、多样性和横截性Hwa Yol Jung曾详细阐明“横截性”这一新概念,将之视为认识知识和伦理的一种全球方法。作为跨文化传播的一种新思路,“横截性”是指“跨越不同文化边界的真理相交地带:这是以跨文化方式思考真理的一种方法”。在对人性、多样性和传播进行理论研究时,横截性观点有两个重要的意义。

尾声:人性、多样性和横截性

Hwa Yol Jung(1995,2004,2006,2009)曾详细阐明“横截性”(transversality)这一新概念,将之视为认识知识和伦理的一种全球方法。Calvin O.Schrag对这种传播理念进行了阐发,从而用以解决诸如“相同与相异”、“统一与多样”、“现代与后现代”等二元问题。与已经得以广泛使用的“普遍性”(universality)概念不同,“横截性”(transversality)说的是与“跨越”和“相交”有关的问题;它原本是一个几何学概念,是指一条直线与两条及两条以上的直线相交,或与一组直线相交。作为跨文化传播的一种新思路,“横截性”(transversality)是指“跨越不同文化边界的真理相交地带:这是以跨文化方式思考真理的一种方法”(Jung,1995,p.15)。因此,实现横截统一是“传播的一种成就,因为它是经历了多种不同的观点、视角、信仰体系和地域因素的结果”(Jung,2009,p.29)。“横截性”的境界就是Chen(2006)所谓“道”的状态,“对真理进行民族中心主义式的垄断性思考应该停止,人性可以在不同文化的聚集体中繁衍不绝”(p.306)。

在对人性、多样性和传播进行理论研究时,横截性观点有两个重要的意义。第一,“应该克服或者说超越打着普遍性名头的欧洲经典真理(European cannon of truth.Jung,2004,p.16)。从非洲中心的角度看,Asante(2006)严肃地指出“假定……历史起源于欧洲,或者认为只有写欧洲的事情才算写历史,都是对人类学术的大不敬。当‘特定’转变为‘绝对’,我们不可避免地站在了冲突的风口浪尖”(p.146)。虽然西方真理常常被看作具有“绝对性”和“普遍性”,横截观点要求传播学者和研究者们仔细考察西方真理的文化特性,并且超越有关普遍真理的这种欧洲中心建构。用Wallerstein(2006)的话来说,应该从“欧洲的普遍主义”转向“普遍的普遍主义”。

第二,与普遍性不同,“横截性”为同时研究探讨人类共性和多样性创造了可能。Palencia-Roth(2006)所言极是,与别的直线横截相交的直线本身并不因相交直线而改变轨迹:“用价值论的话来说,横截价值观是跨越两种或者更多种文化的价值观,对于不同文化来说具有相通的地方,但是又并不会转化成普遍性的价值观。一种文化横截性要想保持其横截特征,就必须保持其特定之处”(p.38)。因此,每种文化都在维持自身历史传统之特定存在的同时,又在不同的时空下与其他文化相交汇。传播研究者们需要对人类共性与多样性的这种交汇加以解释和描绘,从而对本土群体和全球社会中的传播与关系加以思考。横截性观点要求人们既要研究特定性中的人类共性、也要研究人类共性中的特定性(Miike,2007b,2008c)。

毫无疑问,人性、多样性和横截性将是未来全球传播学术的关键。传播研究的任何领域都无法拒绝人类共性和文化多样性,都必须将自身定位于这二者之间。亚洲中心的研究方法将和非洲中心及其他中心的研究方法一道,产生出具有横截性特点的知识,引领我们对人性、多样性和传播获得更为细致的领悟。亚洲中心性将在解构普遍真理、重建横截现实方面有所作为;本文即意在对亚洲中心性的这种正在出现和正在发展中的作用加以重申和展望。本文再次论述了人性、文化特定性及传播之间无法分割的联系,阐明亚洲中心性的元理论概念及其理论必要性,同时列出了亚洲传播的亚洲中心性研究对现有理论研究进行“去西方化”的五条途径。

鸣谢:本文经夏威夷大学希罗分校尹婧博士proof reading,特此鸣谢。

本文英文原文发表于[China Media Research.2010;6(1):111]

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An Anatomy of Eurocentrism in Communication

Scholarship:The Role of Asiacentricity

in De-Westernizing Theory and Research

Yoshitaka Miike

(University of Hawai‘i at Hilo)

Translator:J.Z.Edmondson

(Zhejiang University)

Abstract:This article problematizes the Eurocentric structure of communicative knowledge and advocates the legitimacy of Asiacentricity in Asian communication studies.The first section of the article rearticulates the nature and intersection of humanity,cultural particularities,and communication.The second section then addresses Eurocentrism as ideologies of totalization and trivialization.The third section clarifies the metatheoretical notion of Asiacentricity and argues for its intellectual necessity.The present article finally envisions five ways in which Asiacentricity de-Westernizes communication scholarship.Asiacentricity(1)generates theoretical knowledge that corresponds to Asian communication discourse,(2)focuses on the multiplicity and complexity of Asian communicative experience,(3)re

flexively constitutes and critically transforms Asian communication discourse,(4)theorizes how universal aspects of humanity are expressed and understood in Asian cultural particularities,and(5)critiques Eurocentric biases in theory and research and helps Asian researchers overcome academic dependency.[China Media Report Overseas.2010;6(2):113]

Keywords:academic dependency,Afrocentricity,Asiacentricity,communication theory,cultural particularities,de-Westernization,diversity,Eurocentrism,humanity,transversality

【注释】

[1][作者简介]三池贤孝(Yoshitaka Miike),2004年获美国新墨西哥大学传播博士学位,现为夏威夷大学希罗分校传播学副教授。在众多著名国际杂志上发表论文,出版国际编著《全球跨文化传播读本》(The Global Intercultural Communication Reader)。2004年获得全美传播协会最佳论文奖。本文译者J.Z.爱门森简介见前。

[2]译者注:深度描写(thick description)是文化人类学的概念,这个概念是由Clifford Geertz提出的(见Geertz的著作The Interpretation of Cultures:Selected Essays,New York:Basic Books,1973)深度描写是指要以一个文化本身成员的视角来研究描述这个文化。与之相反,浅度描写(thin description)是传统上人类学者以自己(外来人)的视角去研究一个文化。

[3]译者注:思想性质的范式是关于思想的性质和质量的讨论。就是说Asante讨论的并不是什么非洲思想本身,而是何谓以非洲人民文化为视角的思想。

[4]译者注:在韩语中,nunchi是“体会、感知”的意思,ga是“是”的意思,bbarda是“很快”的意思,eupda是“没有”的意思。因此,“nunchi ga bbarda”的意思接近于“很快心领神会”;而“nunchi ga eupda”接近于“没有领会”。其实还有“nunchi ga idda”的表达,其中“idda”是“有”的意思,和“eupda”(没有)相对。因此,“nunchi ga idda”接近于“能够心领神会,心有灵犀”之意。

[5]译者注:元讨论(metadiscourse),或者更贴切地译为后讨论、超讨论,指的是对关于某现象讨论的讨论。

[6]译者注:东方主义(Orientalism)是Edward W.Said提出的概念,是指一种始于欧洲殖民时期的思想,它将中东及远东地区视为西方的对立面,是一个神秘、怪诞、色情、缺乏人性、毫无理性的世界(见Edward W.Said的Orientalism:Western Conceptions of the Orient,New York:Vintage Books,1978)这种思想一直延续至今,在欧美的社会及学术界中依然盛行。

[7]译者注:对于“agentic”和“communal”这一组概念,国内的翻译并不统一。此处参照邹德强等著《功能性价值和象征性价值对品牌忠诚的影响:性别差异和品牌差异的调节作用》一文中对这两个词的译法。见《南开管理评论》2007年10卷,第3期第4-12页。

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