第三节 主旨题专项练习及答案详解
一、练习
（1）
At the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997，it became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country.It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances.The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states.During the late 1980s we were able，through international agreements，to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer.These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and，more important，because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.
Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem，we also know that the effects of measures，especially harsh measures taken in some countries，would be mollified（抵消）if other countries do not control their emissions.Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO2，in the atmosphere，this path is not feasible for several reasons.Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy.Important and populous low-or-medium-income countries are not willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.In addition，the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.
We must，however，find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century.Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity.Success lies in the force of imaginations，in imagining what would happen if we fail to act.Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer，few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases，especially where there had been none.（1999年第四篇）
Question：
The main purpose of the passage is to＿＿＿.
A.analyze the problem of global warming
B.argue against making deep cuts in emissions
C.convince people that global warming is a real threat
D.criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer
（2）
With the possible exception of equal rights，perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is death penalty.Many argue that it is an effective deterrent（威慑）murder，while others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.
The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty，basically is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment，that it is the mark of a brutal society，and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.
In our opinion，the death penalty is a necessary evil.Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder.But some are more extreme than others.
For example，it is one thing to take the life of another is a fit of blind rage，but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher.Thus，murder，like all other crimes，is a matter of relative degree.While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from society，such should not be the fate of the latter type murder.
The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate.But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them.Their belief is reinforced by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder.For example，from 1954 to 1963，when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California，the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100，000 population.Since 1964 the death penalty has been imposed only once，and the murder rate has arisen to 10.4 murders for each 100，000 population.The sharp climb in the state’s murder rate，which began when executions stopped，is no coincidence.It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers.If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is vetoed（否决），innocent people will be murdered—some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect.This is literally a life or death matter.The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.（1999年第六篇）
Questions：
1.The principal purpose of the passage is to＿＿＿.
A.speak for the majority B.initiate a veto of death penalty
C.criticize the government D.argue for the value of the death penalty
2.In the passage the author is primarily concerned with.
A.analyzing a problem objectively B.settling a dispute
C.supporting a position D.describing an event
（3）
Do you forget to turn off the lights and heaters when you go out of a room？In 2040 it will not matter.They will turn themselves off and on again when you return.You will choose the temperature for each room，the lighting and the humidity.A sensor will detect the presence of a human（and，with luck，ignore the dog！）and turn the systems on，and when the humans leave it will turn them off again.
The sensors will work through the central home computer，and they will do much more than just turn the fires and lights on and off for you.They will detect faulty electrical appliances，plugs or switches，isolate them so that they cannot harm anyone，and then warn you that they need repair.They will detect fire and if you are out of the house，the computer will call the fire brigade.It will also call the police should the sensors detect an intruder.This will not be too difficult because the locks on the outside doors will be electronic.You will open them using your personal card—the one you use for shopping—may be using a number known only to you.
It will be impossible to lose the key，and a housebreaker will have to tamper（拨弄）with the lock or with a window.It is not very difficult to make such tampering send a signal to the computer.
The computer will be more than a fireman-policeman-servant.It will be an entertainer，and most of your entertainment will come right into your home.It does now，of course，but by 2040“entertainment”will mean much more.For one thing，you will be able to take part actively，rather than just watching.（1997年第二篇）
Question：
The best title for the passage might be＿＿＿.
A.Sensors and Computers
B.Life at Home in the Year 2040
C.The Development of Science and Technology
D.Lights and Heaters in the Year 2040
（4）
Want a glimpse of the future of health care？Take a look at the way the various networks of people involved in patient care are being connected to one another.And how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient—no matter where he or she may be.
On line doctors offering advice based on standardized symptoms are the most obvious example.Increasingly，however，remote diagnosis（telemedicine）will be based on real physiological data from the actual patient.A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using an off-the shelf PDA（Personal Data Assistance）such as a Palm Pilot plus a mobile phone，it is perfectly feasible to transit a patient’s vital signs over the telephone.With this kind of equipment in a first-aid kit（急救包），the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past.
Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural care.And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster response—especially after earthquakes.Overall，the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and expertise.
But there is one problem.Bandwidth is the limiting factor for transmitting complex medical images around the world—CT scans being one of the biggest bandwidth consumers.Communications satellites may be able to cope with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes，wars or famines.But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of distributed medical intelligence.
Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis，training and telemedicine.With the falling price of broadband communications，the new technologies should usher in（迎来）an era when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information，expert opinion and diagnosis are common.（2001年第二篇）
Question：
A proper title for the passage may be＿＿＿.
A.Improvement in Communications B.The On line Doctor is in
C.Application of Telemedicine D.How to Make Remote Diagnosis
（5）
With only about 1，000 pandas left in the world，China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species.That’s a move similar to what a Texas A＆M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called“Noah’s Ark”.
Dr.Duane Kraemer，a professor in Texas A＆M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo（胚胎）transfer work and related procedures，says he salutes the Chinese effort and“I wish them all the best success possible.It’s a worthwhile project，certainly not an easy one，and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A＆M—to save animals from extinction”.
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs，embryos，semen（精子）and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen.If certain species should become extinct，Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2，000 species of mammals，birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years.The panda，native only to China，is in danger of becoming extinct in the next25 years.
This week，Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit.They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy，and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem，”Kraemer believes.“They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy.It takes a long time and it’s difficult，but this could be groundbreaking science if it works.They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk，so it is worth the effort.”Adds Kraemer，who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A＆M，the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done，and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark.We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction.I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do.It’s a research that is very much needed.”（2001年第四篇）
Question：
The best title for the passage may be_______.
A.China’s Efforts to Clone Pandas
B.China—the Native Place of Pandas Forever
C.Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D.China’s First Cloned Panda
二、答案详解
（1）
A.主旨题。全文无明显主题句，可套用主旨≈各段主要内容之和这一公式。本文是非常典型的问题分析型论说文。第一段提出问题：即该段段首句所表明的由于各个国家所关心的经济利益各不相同，因此很难在解决全球变暖这一问题上达成一致。第二段分析要遏止全球变暖所面临的困难，即各国在这一问题上不能作出实质性举动的原因。
第三段指出解决全球变暖问题的必要性。由此可见，正确答案是A选项。
（2）
1.D.主旨题。本文主要探讨是否应该执行死刑（the death penalty）这一问题，作为关键词“the death penalty”在文中反复出现，因此可首先排除A、C两个选项。然后，再判断作者在这一问题上的立场态度。此时，可套用公式主旨≈各段主要内容之和。第一段是引入段，引出对死刑的探讨；第二段简单说明人们反对死刑的理由；第三段提出自己的观点：死刑是必需的；第四段举例说明对有些罪犯应当执行死刑；第五段罗列数字说明实施死刑可以有效地降低犯罪率。由此可见，作者对死刑持赞成态度。因此，正确答案应是D选项。
2.C.主旨题。可用排除法做题。本文用于阐述作者对实施死刑的态度，带有明确的主观判断性质，因此应首先排除不含任何主观态度的A、D两个选项。本文的目的又在于说服读者接受作者在死刑问题上的观点，而不是为解决争端，因此C是正确答案。
（3）
B.主旨题。可套用公式主旨≠过于宽泛的表述，主旨≠文中细节。本文主要是对2040年人们在电脑的影响下家庭生活会有何变化的一种预测。因此，A、C两个选项过于宽泛，应予以排除。而D选项只是文中提到的细节，也应予以排除。只有B选项最为贴切。
（4）
B.可先套用公式主旨≈全文主旨句。本文的主旨句是全文的最后一句：随着网络这一新兴技术的普及，网上医生为病人看病、共享医疗信息将成为现实。然后结合排除法公式做题，即主旨≠部分内容，这样即可排除D和C选项；并用主旨≠文中未涉及的内容来排除A选项。
（5）
A.可套用公式主旨≈全文主旨句。全文的主旨句出现在全文的第一句：中国正在竭尽全力来研究大熊猫的克隆技术，挽救濒临灭绝的大熊猫。这个研究工程就叫诺亚方舟计划，因此正确答案是A选项。
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