清源山景区

二、清源山景区

清源山景区概况

清源山旅游景区距市区2.5公里，是国家重点风景名胜区，由清源山、九日山、灵山圣墓三部分组成，总面积约62平方公里，主峰海拔498米。

清源山人文和自然景观都很丰富。据史料记载，清源山最早开发于约1800年前的秦朝，到了约1200年前的唐代“儒、道、释”三家开始在此地兴旺，兼有伊斯兰教、摩尼教、印度教的活动踪迹。经过历代的开发，留下了大量的文物古迹，山中遍布游诗题刻、舍利佛塔等。

清源山景区的自然景观也颇负盛名。景区的美泉、飞瀑、奇石、岩洞以及幽静的树林，无不吸引着各地游客。

今天我们就要去探访这座风景如画名山!

1.清源山

老君岩

我们现在看到的是我国现存年代最久的宋代道教石雕老君像。老子是我国古代春秋时期著名的哲学家、思想家，因著有《道德经》，被认为是中国道教创始人。在道教哲学的各种宗教形式中，老子被尊称为太上老君。老子的哲学思想在我国占有重要位置，影响十分深远。

清源山的老君造像雕于1000多年前，依照原有山形雕凿而成。石像高约20英尺，厚约23英尺，宽约26英尺，席地面积约为66平方码，曾经是最大的老君雕像，后来闽北的武夷山风景区在20世纪90年代建了一座高达16米的老君像。当然在历史悠久方面，清源山老君像无出其右。

大家看，老君坐像坐落在草地上，他神态庄严，左手扶膝，右手凭几，整座石像神态威严，仙风道骨，形象高大堪称唐代石雕艺术瑰宝。这尊雕像同时还是健康长寿的象征。泉州有方言:“摸到鼻，吃百二;摸到目，吃百六。”因过多游人争相抚摸老君像，现在石像已被围栏保护起来了。

老君造像原先有道教建筑群围护，规模宏大，蔚为壮观，后来道观被焚毁，老君像便从此露天屹立，与大自然浑然一体，历经风雨，保存至今，吸引着越来越多的海内外游客，已成为泉州著名历史景点。

千手岩

大家看，这块“第一山”碑刻，是1000多年前书法家米芾的笔迹。顺着山路走上去，我们会经过一些仿古建筑和茶楼，与“第一山”碑刻相对的，就是千手岩寺。千手岩寺又名观音寺，因为供奉观音而得名。大殿供有1000多年前的石雕释迦牟尼和千手观音佛像，寺中香火不绝。寺前这株古松已有300多年历史，苍劲挺拔，像一位慈悲为怀的老者，张开双臂，迎接四方宾客。寺宇山间，峰石嶙峋，满山枫树。1994年，市政府拨款翻修了这座古寺。

过了观音寺，来到弘一法师舍利塔。弘一法师姓李，字叔同，一生精通诗词、戏剧、音乐、书法、美术、篆刻，是国际上声誉甚高的知名人士。他还是一位卓越的爱国教育家和佛教史上的一代高僧。李叔同26岁时东渡日本留学，主攻美术、音乐。5年后回国，担任报社编辑，又在各地从事艺术教育。因面对国是日非，又痛感人生无常，李叔同于1918年在杭州出家，精心研究佛经。弘一大师晚年有14年在闽南一带弘法、讲律。1942年弘一大师在泉州圆寂，一半遗骨安放在清源山，另一半安放在杭州。1952年，他的弟子们在清源山为他建造了一座舍利塔，塔内安放着大师的舍利子。舍利塔旁悬岩上刻有大师一幅遗墨“悲欣交集”，塔内正面壁上，镶嵌着“弘一法师遗像”，是大师的得意门生丰子恺所画。这座具有闽南特色的石塔已列入福建省重点文物保护单位。

弥陀岩

各位团友，接下来我们去参观弥陀岩，请跟我来。

现在我们到了弥陀岩寺的山门。只见飞瀑从峭壁凌空而下，两侧崖壁有历代文人的题刻。瀑布边有一株造型奇特的植物特别值得一看。大家看，这不是一棵树，而是两株不同的树种紧紧地抱在一起。一棵是古榕，一棵是重阳木，树根相盘，树身相抱，如胶似漆，历经300多年，宛如一对忠贞不渝的伴侣，因此常有恋人、夫妇在树下合影留念。大家看这边，这棵浓荫如盖的大树，是来自台湾的“莲雾”树，相传300多年前清靖海侯施琅将军驻扎在台湾，当地乡亲送给他的部将一棵莲雾苗，这株树苗被带回泉州栽种在弥陀岩畔。这棵来自海峡对岸的果树从此就在清源山扎根生长，至今仍生机勃勃，年年结果。

弥陀岩实际上是背靠着岩石而建的一间石室，建于公元1364年。石室宽约5.6米，室内的石雕阿弥陀佛立像，就天然崖壁雕凿而成，高约5米，宽约2米，足踏莲花，造型端庄，慈祥和善。据说，佛像的这个手势表示要满足信徒的愿望，接引众生前往极乐世界。

石室右侧的石雕碑文记载了弥陀岩石室石刻的重修过程。最有价值的是，这块700多年前的碑文中共出现了13个简化字，这在元代石碑中实为罕见。

石室的下方，原有古刹“弥陀岩寺”，塌毁于“文革”期间。1998年重建“弥陀岩寺”，大殿内供奉阿弥陀佛和观音等菩萨的镀金塑像。

弥陀岩石室的上方，在陡峭的石壁下我们可以看到一些历代石刻。这个大大的“佛”字，被誉为“闽海第一佛”。

碧霄岩

泉州有着“世界宗教博物馆”的美名。在清源山，各种宗教遗迹几乎随处可见。现在我们去领略一下碧霄岩的三世佛风采吧。三世佛是公元13世纪以来藏传佛教佛堂中供奉的主要佛像。看，这三尊并排而坐的佛祖雕像就是藏传佛教中的三世佛。这三尊佛像直接从背靠的巨石雕刻而成，已有700多年历史。中间一尊是释迦牟尼，为现在佛，左尊为过去佛，右尊为未来佛，三座佛像高约2.5米，均盘腿而坐，身穿一样的袈裟，仅手势稍有不同，被认为是我国现存年代最早、保存最完整的元代“三世佛”石雕造像。

这些石雕佛像原来供奉在殿堂内，20世纪60年代殿堂塌毁于暴风雨中，石雕造像暴露于崖壁。现在我们看到的三层阁楼是1991年重修的。在三世佛阁楼的南侧，有“广钦法师塔院”，塔内安放着台湾迎回的广钦法师的舍利子。

在“三世佛”周围有历代摩崖石刻多方，其中有碑刻记载当时碧霄岩三世佛雕刻和建筑的经过。大家可能看到了，那边有一巨大的“寿”字石刻，占摩崖界面约18平方米，据说是“福建第一高寿”。可能有人会问:这么大的字是怎么写出来的呢?相传，当时这个“寿”字是先用米在地上撒成字形，然后用纸拓下来，最后再拓到石上去，石匠就根据这个来雕刻的。

瑞像岩

碧霄岩东侧的瑞像岩，因石雕释迦瑞像而闻名。矗立在天柱峰上的瑞像岩石室，创建于1087年，初为木构，1483年改为仿木石结构建筑。石室内的石雕释迦瑞像以天然崖壁雕凿而成，高4.6米，宽2米，作立状，佛像雕工精湛，是研究我国古代建筑和佛教石雕艺术的重要实物资料。石室左侧有石刻碑文一方，记载修建和重修像岩的经过。请往那儿看，岩室对面为罗汉峰，形如五百罗汉，构成五百罗汉朝释迦的奇观。

瑞像岩怪石崚峋，崖刻众多，石室左侧的崖洞外，只见三块巨石恰似三条大蛇，伸头出洞。崖壁上有显眼的“忘归”石刻二字。大家可以在此休息一下，欣赏顶峰的无限风光，但是不要真的“忘归”哦。

天湖

清源山另一处景点就是天湖了。天湖建于1994年，是虎乳泉下方的一个蓄水工程。作为景区的一部分，天湖的湖光山色吸引了众多游客，给当地人提供了周末休闲的好去处。

虎乳泉

清源山泉眼众多，其中的“虎乳泉”位于“清源天湖”上方的岩坡上。泉眼上下皆石，泉从隙缝里流出，注入一方形石孔中。“虎乳泉”长年不涸，游人耳贴岩石，可闻其岩下传出水流响声。相传曾有乳水不足之母虎带小虎到泉边啜饮，以水代乳。虽是传说，但“虎乳泉”甘甜似乳，澄澈清冽，以其泉泡茶，香气独特，沁人心脾。

清源洞

清源洞，位于清源山顶峰，系清源山三十六岩洞之首，可见始建于900多年前的不同宗教的建筑。洞顶有石刻众多。对泉州历史文化和宗教有兴趣的团友可以到这里好好参观。

The Qingyuan Mountains Scenic Area

Overview of the Qingyuan Mountains

The Qingyuan Mountains，a National Park of China，lie 2.5 kilometers away from downtown Quanzhou.The scenic area consists of three parts，Mount Qingyuan，Mount Jiuri，and the Lingshan Holy Tombs.It covers a total area of62 square kilometers，and the highest peak rises 498 meters above sea level.

The Qingyuan Mountains are rich in places of cultural interests and natural attractions.Historical documents show that as a tourist attraction，the Qingyuan Mountains can be dated back to the Qin Dynasty about1，800 years ago.During the Tang Dynasty around 1，200 years ago，Confucianism，Taoismand Buddhism began to thrive here，where traces of Islam，Manichaean，and Hindu could also be found.Over the centuries，cultural and religious relics have been left behind in great amount in the mountains，like large religious stone statues，inscriptions on precipices，and dagobas from past dynasties.

Since ancient time，the Qingyuan Mountains have been well known for their natural beauty.The charming scenery of running springs，waterfalls，grotesque rocks and caves，as well as quiet woods have all attracted tourists near and far.

Today we’re going to visit the Qingyuan Mountains and I hope you’ll enjoy the tour around the picturesque area with me!

1.Mount Qingyuan

Stone Statue of Laozi

Now，we are looking at a stone statue of Laozi，the oldest Taoist statue in China.Laozi was one of the greatest Chinese philosophers and thinkers around 2，500 years ago.He is best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching，and his association with the book has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical Taoism.He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of Taoist philosophy，which takes an important role in Chinese philosophy with far－reaching influence.

The stone statue of Laozi was carved out of a natural rock more than 1000 years ago.It is nearly 20 feet tall，23 feet thick and 26 feet wide，covering a space of some 66 square yards.It had been the biggest Laozistone statue over the centuries，until in 1990s a 16－meter－tall Laozi Statue was built in North Fujian’s Wuyi Mountains.But surely no other statue is comparable to Quanzhou’s Laozi Statue in terms of history

As you can see，the great man is resting on the lawn in a noble manner，with his left hand on his knee and right hand on a table.Looking at the gigantic statue，one will be deeply impressed by Laozi’s imposing manner，dignified expression and giant figure.It can be rated as a gem of ancient Chinese stone statues.The statue also symbolizes health and longevity.There’s a saying in Quanzhou，“By feeling his nose，you＇ll live up to 120 years old;and by reaching his eyes，you’ll even live up to 160.”However，so many tourists had rubbed him the wrong way that the statue has to be fenced off now.

The statue used to be sheltered by some magnificent Taoist monasteries which were burned down later.Since then the statue of Laozi has been sitting in the open air in perfect harmony with the surrounding nature.The statue has survived natural changes over centuries，and has been attracting more and more visitors home and abroad as one of the famous historical sites of Quanzhou.

Qianshou Rock

Ladies and gentlemen，the inscription on this stone tablet，translated as“The Number One Mountain”，is the handwriting by Mi Fu，a noted calligrapher around 1，000 years ago.On the way up，you will see some ancient－style pavilions and a tea house，all built in modern times.The Qianshou Rock Temple，or the Thousand－hand Buddhist Rock Temple，lies just opposite to the tablet.Enshrined in the temple are the statues of Sakyamuni and the Thousand－hand Guanyin，or the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.So it’s also named Guanyin Temple.The stone statue of Sakyamuni can be dated back to 1，000 thousand years ago.The Buddhist temple has been frequented by endless streams of pilgrims.This ancient pine tree in front of the temple is over 300 years old.It stands with stretching branches，as if an old man greeting tourists with his wide open arms.The temple is surrounded by a forest of maple trees growing among craggy rocks.In 1994 the ancient temple was renovated by the city government.

Behind the Guanyin Temple is the stupa of Master Hongyi.Master Hongyi，also known as LiShutong，is an internationally renowned figure for his artistic attainments in poetry，opera，music，calligraphy，painting，and seal cutting.He was also a patriotic educator before he became a widely admired Buddhist master monk.At the age of 26，he went to Japan for further study of art and music.Five years later he returned to China to be an art teacher and editor.Disappointed with the deterioration of state affairs and the impermanence of human life，he turned himself into amonk in a Hangzhou monastery in 1918，concentrating on his study of Buddhism.He spent 14 years of his later life in south Fujian，carrying forward Buddhist doctrines and doing othermissionary work.He passed away in Quanzhou in 1942，and half of his Buddhist relics were kept in Mount Qingyuan，with another half in Hangzhou.10 years later，this stupa was built for him.This inscription on the precipice around the stupa is out of the master’s last handwriting.The four characters mean“Amixed feeling of bittersweetness”.A picture of the master was carved on the stone wall by his student Feng Zikai，also a famous Chinese painter.The stone tower characteristic of south Fujian architecture is under provincial protection as a historical site.

Mituo Rock

Ladies and gentlemen，our next stop is Mituo Rock，or Amitabha Rock.Now，follow me please.

Here we are at the first gate to the Mituo Rock Temple.You’ll see a waterfall pouring down from high cliffs，and ancient inscriptions on precipices on both sides of the waterfall.This strangely shaped plant near the waterfall will surely catch your eyes.As you can find，it is not a single tree，but two trees of different species tangled together.One is a Java bishop wood，and the other is a banyan.Sticking tightly to each other，they have been like this for more than 300 years.Many couples like to have photos taken under the two trees that look like constant lovers.Look over here at this big tree with a thick crown.It is a wax apple tree introduced from Taiwan.It’s said that over 300 years ago，when General Shi Lang，a senior official of the Fujian navy，stationed in Taiwan，one of his men brought back to Quanzhou a seedling of wax apple as a gift from local Taiwanese.Since then the tree from the other side of the Straits has been growing well in the mountain，bearing fruit every year.

First built in 1364，the Mituo Rock actually was a stone chamber against a huge rock.It is about5.6 meters wide，with a relief figure of Amitabha carved on the rock.The 5－meter tall，2－meter wide Buddha statue standing on a lotus looks rather kind and dignified.The way he puts his hands is said to be an indication that he would like to lead all living creatures to the Pure Land as they wish.

The inscription on the stone tablet to the right is a historical record of the construction of the chamber.It’s amazing that the inscription carved 700 years ago includes 13 simplified Chinese characters，which is rare among stone inscriptions of the Yuan Dynasty.

Down the stone chamber there used to be an ancient Mituo Rock Temple，which was ruined in the 1960s.Rebuilt in 1998，the new temple enshrines gilded statues of Amitabha，Guanyin and other bodhisattvas.

Up the stone chamber，on the precipice，you’ll see some inscriptions.This large character“Fo”，literally meaning Buddha，is said to be the largest one in Fujian.

Bixiao Rock

Quanzhou is famed as a“Museum of World Religions”.In Mount Qingyuan，in particular，religious relics can be found almost everywhere.Now let’s take a look at the Buddha statues at the Bixiao Rock.Since the 13^thcentury，the Buddhas of Three Periods have been worshiped in most Tibetan Buddhist praying halls.Look，these three sitting Buddha sculptures against a huge stone wall were built over 700 years ago.They are the Buddhas of Three Periods in Tibetan Buddhism，or Lamaism.The one sitting in the middle is Shakyamuni，the Buddha of the Present，and the two buddhas to his left and right are the Buddha of the Past and the Buddha of the Future respectively.The statues are about2.5 meters tall.All of the three buddhas are sitting cross－legged on their lotus seats，wearing the same kasaya，with slight differences in their hand gestures.These sculptures are believed to be the most ancient and best preserved ones among others of this kind.

These Buddha statues used to be housed in a stone building.In 1960s，due to the collapse of the building in a storm，the statueswere exposed and unprotected.The 3－floored building we can see is a new building erected in 1991.To the south of the building there is a stupa，where Taiwan’s Master Guangqin’s Buddhist relics were kept.

Around the Buddha statues are inscriptions of various periods.Some of them record the process of sculpturing the Buddha statues.Over there，you might notice an enormous Chinese character“Shou”，literally meaning“longevity”，which covers a space of18 square meters.It is believed to be the biggest in Fujian.You might be curious how ancient people managed to carve such a huge character on the precipice.Legend has it that people first shaped the character on the ground with grains，and then copied the huge character on pieces of paper.The stonemason then produced on the precipice the exact character from the paper to complete the inscription.

Ruixiang Rock

To the east of Bixiao Rock lies Ruixiang Rock，which is best known for a standing sculpture of Sakyamuni.The chamber that houses the Sakyamuni sculpture was first built on the Tianzhu Peak in 1087.Later in 1483 the wooden building was rebuilt into a stone chamber.The statue of Sakyamuni，4.6 meters in height and 2 meters in width，was carved out of a natural rock with exquisite craftsmanship.It provides an example for research on ancient Chinese architecture and Buddhist stone carvings.The stone tablet to the left of the chamber recorded the stories of the construction.Look over there.The Luohan Hills(or the hills representing a cluster of monks)opposite to the Sakyamuni statue are interestingly figured as the 500 Buddhist monks warshiping Sakyamuni eternally.

The Ruixiang Rock is also rich in grotesque rocks and carvings on precipices.To the left of the stone chamber，you’ll see three rocky snakes poking their head out of the cave.The stone inscription that catches your eye over there means“forget to return”.You can take a rest here on the rock overlooking the natural scenery，but please don’t forget to return!

Tianhu Lake

Another attraction in Mount Qingyuan is the Tianhu Lake，or literally the Heaven Lake.The lake is a reservoir built in 1994 down the Huru Spring.As a part of the scenic area，Tianhu Lake impresses tourists with its clear water and surrounding natural scenery.It provides accordingly to the local people a good place for relaxation on weekends.

Huru Spring

Huru Spring，or Tiger Milk Spring，is one of the springs in Mount Qingyuan.The spring runs out from a mouth in the middle of a huge rock into a square hole.The water of the spring never dries up.If you put your ear against the rock，you can hear the running spring under the rock.The spring got its name from a compassionate tale，saying that a nursing tigress fed her cubs with the spring because of inadequacy of her own milk.Indeed，the Huru Spring tastes clear and sweet，and makes good water for tea.

Qiangyuan Cave

As one of the 36 caves in Mount Qingyuan，the Qingyuan Cave lies on the mountain top.Ancient temples of different religions were built around the cave about900 years ago.Here you can also find inscriptions in great amount.If you’re interested in Quanzhou’s history，culture and religions，this is a good place to visit.

Vocabulary:

sepulcher　　　n.坟墓

dagobas　　　n.(印度的)舍利塔

deity　　　n.神

imposing　　　adj.(仪表)堂堂的

Sakyamuni　　　n.释迦牟尼

stupa　　　n.佛塔

Buddhist relics　　　n.舍利

wax apple　　　n.莲雾

precipice　　　n.悬崖

Lamaism　　　n.喇嘛教(藏、蒙等地区信奉的佛教)

Kasaya　　　n.袈裟

2.九日山

九日山景区距泉州市区约7公里，以古泉州海外交通的重要史迹而著称。据说，1000多年前的北方贵族移居到南方时，曾于农历九月九日攀登此山，因此而得名“九日山”，意为“第九”。宋元时期，泉州的海上交通发达，亚非各国人民经常往来于泉州，古时人们在启航前会祈风以求航行平安。九日山历代摩崖石刻达75方，其中海交祈风及市舶司事石刻13方，记载了从900多年前宋朝冬季遣舶和夏季回舶的祈风情况，由泉州太守亲临主持，还有其他官员和当地名仕参加这个隆重的仪式，向海神祈祝“蕃舶”一帆风顺，来往平安。当时百舸云集沿岸，旌旗蔽空，鼓乐喧天，人马车轿，连绵数里。昔日祈风场面，十分壮观。

我国现存最多的祈风石刻就在九日山景区内，为我国古代海上丝绸之路的重要史迹。这些石刻是古泉州海外交通的重要史迹，也是我国与亚非各国人民友好往来的见证，同时也证明了泉州在中国和世界航海史上的特有地位。

2.Mount Jiuri

Mount Jiuri，or the Ninth Day Mountain，located 7 kilometers away from downtown Quanzhou，is known as a historical relic of maritime transportation.It’s said that over 1，000 years ago some dispossessed nobles in north China moved to this area.They used to climb this mountain every year on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month，hence the name Jiuri Mountain.As many as 75 stone inscriptions from different periods of history have been found in the mountain.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Quanzhou kept booming in maritime transportation.People from Asian and African countries paid frequent visits to Quanzhou.In ancient time，people would pray for favorable winds before launching a voyage across the sea.13 out of the 75 stone inscriptions in Mount Jiuri recorded the wind－praying ceremonies in the Song Dynasty about 900 years ago.According to records，the prefecture chief in Quanzhou hosted these ceremonies，which were also attended by other officials and local celebrities.At those grand ceremonies，they used to pray to the God of Sea for a smooth journey of departing ships in winter and returning ships in summer.At the ceremonies，drums were beaten，music played，and flags fluttering in the wind.People lined the roads formiles long，and hundreds of vessels gathered along the coast.You can imagine how spectacular the sight was!

Mount Jiuri boasts the largest number of stone inscribed records of wind－praying in the country.These historical relics were a proof of the ancient Chinese Marine Silk Route and of the ancient maritime transportation in Quanzhou.They also serve as a testimony to the friendly communications between China and other Asian and African countries during the Song Dynasty.With these records，Quanzhou is entrenched as an important seaport in Chinese and world maritime history.

Vocabulary:

dispossess　　　v.逐出

prefecture　　　n辖区

testimony　　　n.证明

3.灵山圣墓

世界三大宗教之一的伊斯兰教于唐朝年间传入中国。泉州当时有许多伊斯兰教徒。我国现存最古老、最完好的伊斯兰教圣迹，在清源山风景名胜区灵山景区内。据明代史书记载:约1400年前的唐朝时期，穆罕默德遣四贤徒来华，其中的三贤、四贤传教泉州，卒葬灵山。葬后是山夜光显发，故名曰圣墓，山曰灵山。现存两墓并列，墓盖用花岗岩雕刻，墓后倚山建马蹄形回廊，高约3米，回廊中的几根石柱具有典型的唐代建筑特色。廊内有历代石碑5方，正中1322年立的阿拉伯文碑刻，记述两位先贤在唐朝时来到这个国度。右侧一方为郑和第五次下西洋途经泉州，来此祭告后所立的记事碑。墓周围还有一些历代的伊斯兰教徒的石棺墓，上刻伊斯兰教常用的“云月”图案或《古兰经》片段。墓前放有一天然巨石，风吹欲动，手推能晃，故称“风动石”。伊斯兰教圣墓已成为研究泉州海外交通史及伊斯兰教传播史的重要史迹。

3.Lingshan Holy Tombs

Islam，one of the three major religions in the world，was introduced to China during the Tang Dynasty.There were quite a number of disciples of Islam in Quanzhou.The earliest and best preserved Islamic relics in China，the holy tombs of Muslim saints，are kept in Mount Lingshan.Historical documents recorded that during the Tang Dynasty around 1，400 years ago，Mohammed sent four disciples to China，two of whom settled in Quanzhou.After they died，the two Muslim Saints were buried in Mount Lingshan，or Spirit Mountain，so named because they supposedly glowed at night.As you can see，the two tombs covered with carved granite slabs are resting side by side in the stone pavilion.Behind the tombs a U－shaped corridor was built with stone columns typical of Tang Dynasty.In the corridor you will find 5 ancient stone tablets.The middle one in Arabic was set up in 1322，and it tells people how the two Muslim saints came to China.The one to the right recorded a visit paid by Zheng He when he stopped by Quanzhou for his 5th voyage to Southeast Asian and Arabic nations.Near the pavilion are some tombs of ancient Islamists，and the tomb covers were carved with Islamic patterns or excerpts from the Koran.In front of the tombs stands a huge rock that can bemoved by wind，hence the name“Wind Moved Rock”.The Islamic holy tombs in Mount Lingshan are surely precious cultural relics for studying the history of Quanzhou’smaritime transportation and that of the spreading of Islam.

Vocabulary:

disciple　　　n.信徒

Koran　　　n.古兰经