福州马尾船政文化

三、福州马尾船政文化

1.船政文化主题公园

我们首先要参观的是船政文化主题公园。穿过红色的仿宋大门，我们将要步入船政“时空步道”。这台阶展示的是船政造船四十余年中的三个阶段。请大家仔细观察这三个台阶所用的地板材料是不一样的，这儿木质地板，反映船政的第一个时期，称为“木船时期”，这个时期里船政所造的十几艘船，都是木壳船，如中国第一艘千吨级轮船“万年清”号。很快我们就要走进了钢木合构时期，这个时期有第一艘铁胁船“威远”号，标志着中国摆脱了木船制造时期，拉近了与先进造船国家的距离。再登上第三个台阶，意味着我们进入了钢船时期，这个时期的代表是“龙威”号，它是由船政学堂毕业生魏翰备料建造的，标志着近代中国造船的最高水平。这艘船后来被编入北洋水师，改名为“平远”号。虽然整个船政的发展只有四十余年，但也制造出舰船40艘，船政是中国当时最大的造船和舰艇的工业基地。

走上台阶，请看看左边的这组雕塑，这就是“左沈共襄”，端坐在中间的这位就是船政的创始人——左宗棠，他是晚清的军事重臣，1866年他奏请朝廷在马尾造船设局。船政初始，他被调任陕甘总督，这时船厂的工作千头无绪，于是他推荐右边这位他认为最合适的人选来接任他的工作。他就是沈葆桢，船政的首任总理大臣。沈葆桢也是林则徐的外甥和女婿。他创办了船政学堂，为国家造就了一大批科技人才和海军骨干。而左手边这个外国人就是当时船政监督——日意格，在他的帮助下，当时创办所需的全套机器设备及材料均来自外国，而且还聘用了一大批外国人来传授造船工艺和科学技术。

大家再往这边看，这幅大型的铜雕被命名为“船政成功”，这是1873年五年期满时中国员工已经能够自己造船，清政府为表彰洋匠“教导功成”而颁发的金牌。

铜雕旁边的三艘轮船就是我刚才介绍过的:万年清、扬武和平远。而这架飞机就是中国第一架水上飞机，它也是在马尾设计制造出来的，他的名字叫甲型一号水上教练机，是由飞机制造师巴玉藻、王助等人设计制造的。他们两位曾分别担任过美国通用和波音公司的第一任总工程师。

大家看，这棵榕树下的塑像就是思想家严复，他1854年生于福州，12岁那年以第一名的成绩考入福建船政后学堂。少年的严复刻苦学习，以优异的成绩被派往英国留学深造。他翻译了《天演论》等书，宣传“优胜劣汰”的社会进步思想。1912年严复成为北京大学的首任校长，也担任过复旦大学的第二任校长。大家有兴趣的话不妨和他照张相，沾染他的才气。

Fuzhou Shipyard

1.Theme Park of Fuzhou Shipyard

The Theme Park of Fuzhou Shipyard also known as Fuzhou Chuanzheng is the first stop of our tour in Mawei.Walking through this red gate of the architectural style of the Song Dynasty，we are entering the“Time Tunnel”of Fuzhou Shipyard.The three steps here respectively represent the three phases of the forty－year development of the shipbuilding industry in Mawei.You may have noticed that the three steps are made of different materials.The first step，made of wood，represents the first phase of ship building with timbers，named“Wooden ship peirod”，when ships were all made of wood，including Chinese first thousand－ton－level ship“Wan nianqing”.Now we are stepping onto the second step，which symbolizes the second phrase of steel－and－wood ship.The ship“Weiyuan”built in this period narrowed the gap of ship building between China and those advanced western countries，marked the beginning of a new era?in Chinese shipbuilding history.And the third step represents that the ship industry in China has entered the era?of steel ship.The representative of this period is the ship“LongWei”，built by Wei Han who graduated from the Naval School of Fuzhou Shipyard.As the symbol of the highest level of shipbuilding technology in Modern China，the ship“Wei Yuan”joined the Beiyang Navy and was renamed as“Ping Yuan”.Though the history of Fuzhou Shipyard was no more than forty years，it had produced about40 ships，making it the largest shipyard in China of that time.

Now please look at the statues on the left，in memory of the close cooperation between Zuo Zongtang and Shen Baozhen.The middle one is Zuo Zongtang，the founder of Fuzhou Shipyard.As the imperial commissioner in the late Qing dynasty，Zuo presented a proposal to the Imperial Court in 1866 to establish Fuzhou Shipyard.However，he was transferred to a new post as a general governor of Shanxi and Gansu when the construction of the shipyard was still undergoing.He recommended Shen Baozhen who he thought to be the right successor to take over Fuzhou Shipyard.Shen was the nephew and son－in－law of Lin Zexu，who was most recognized as the heroic nationalist in the Opium Wars.Shen Baozhen was appointed the first chief director of Fuzhou Shipyard.He established the Naval School，and trained a large number of professionals in marine techniques and backbones for the naval forces.The person on the left is Prosper Giquel，a Frenchman.He was then the director of the project.With his help，facilities and materials from western countries were introduced in without a hitch，and a large number of European engineers and mechanics were recruited to impart science and techonologies on shipbuilding.

Now look this way，please.At the end of1873 when Chinese employeeswere able to produce ships on their own after five years training，the Qing government awarded this bronze sculpture and named it“The Success of Fuzhou Shipyard”，in recognition of the achievement of those western experts.

The three vessels next to the bronze sculpture are“Wan Nianqing”，“Yang Wu”and“Ping Yuan”as Imentioned just now.This aircraft，designed and manufactured in Mawei，is the first hydroplane in China.The plane was designed by Ba Yuzao and Wang Zhu，who were respectively the first chief engineer of GM and Boeing.

The statue under the banyan trees is Yan Fu，a scholar and translator in the late 19^thcentury，most famous for introducing western ideas into China.Yan was born in Fuzhou in 1854，and was admitted to Mawei Naval School as the top one in the entrance examination.He worked very hard.After graduation，he went to the UK and continued the study of warship navigation skills in the Royal Naval College in Greenwich.His translation of T.H.Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics emphasized on the revolutionary principle of“natural selection”and“survival of the fittest”caused a stir amongst the Chinese and incited a sense of survival amongst his fellow kinsmen.He was the first principal of National Peking University and the second principal of Fudan University.

Vocabulary

arsenal　　　兵工厂，军械库

commissioner　　　行政长官

marine　　　航海的

bronze　　　青铜;铜像

principal　　　校长

2.马江海战纪念馆

各位游客，欢迎来到昭忠祠纪念馆参观。这座祠堂始建于1885年，是为了纪念中法战争马江海战中牺牲的烈士。19世纪时越南仍是中国的藩属国。19世纪中叶法国开始武力侵占越南，要求中国撤出驻越军队，承认法国对越南的殖民统治。中国政府不予承认。1884年8月23日，法国战舰对福建水师发动袭击引爆了这场史无前例的战争。这场中法战争的第一战。但是，软弱的清政府选择了屈服，他们害怕任何的抵抗都会影响中法已达成的调停协议。其实，福建舰队的司令官在当时已经掌握法军将要发动轰炸的时间，但他们却不做任何应战准备，也不愿先发制敌，打响战争的第一枪。

在无任何先期准备的情况下，福建水师孤军奋战，短短30分钟内，停泊在码头的中国战舰还没来得及起锚便被法国战舰彻底摧毁。其中5艘战舰被击沉，736名官兵牺牲。

中国海军指挥军官不团结被视为是战役失败的主要原因之一。在马江海战中，其余三支舰队:北洋水师、南洋水师与广东水师都接到主管海军的张佩纶以及慈禧的支援命令，但都拒绝出兵增援福建舰队。

战役结束后，将士的尸体被打捞上来，其中200具由家属领回，剩下的500多具沿江边分九处掩埋。一年后，人们在墓地东面修建了昭忠祠。1920年重修昭忠祠时，各界人士将九处掩埋的骨骸合葬于此，上覆水泥。

大厅摆放的就是在海战中英勇牺牲的736位将士的英名牌。左右两侧的画像介绍的是在海战中指挥作战的管带。

如今，山上还有民国早期船政局官员的摩崖题刻。

2.Memorial Hall of Sino－French Naval Battle at Majiang River

Ladies and gentlemen，this is the Zhaozhong Memorial Hall，which was built in 1885 in dedication to those who died in the Sino－French naval battle at Majiang River.In the mid－nineteenth century，France invaded and occupied Vietnam，then a vassal state of China，and required China to withdraw her troops from Vietnam and recognize the French colonial rule over the land.The Chinese government did not consent.Then French warships raided Fujian navy on August 23rd 1884，thus started the 16－month Sino－French War.Instead of resisting，the weak Qing government compromised because it had been advised that any offensive reaction would affect mediation between China and France.Although the Chinese commanders knew the exact time when the French would launch their attack，the ships of the Fujian Fleet made no attempt to redeploy or to anticipate the French attack by opening fire first.

As a consequence，the Fujian Fleet fought without any preparation.The battle lasted less than thirty minutes.The overwhelming firepower of French ships utterly destroyed the Chinese naval fleet at anchor，resulted in the sinking of five Chinese vessels and a casualty of 736 officers and men.

Disunity in the Chinese naval commanders was believed to be an important factor in the Chinese defeat.Fujian Fleet received no help from China’s three other regional fleets，the Beiyang Fleet，the Nanyang Fleet and the Guangdong Fleet，who refused to dispatch their ships to reinforce Fujian navy in spite of appeals from the naval commander Zhang Peilun and direct orders from the Empress Dowager Cixi.

After the battle，the bodies of the warmartyrs were retrieved from the river，200 of which were identified and claimed by their families，while other 500 bodies were buried in 9 tombs along the Minjiang River.Zhaozhong Memorial Hall was built in the east of the tombs one year later，and was rebuilt in 1920，when the remains from the 9 tombs were gathered and buried here with concrete.

There laid in the hall are memorial tablets of the 736 martyrs in the battle.On either side of the hall are pictures of the commanders in the battle.

These are the inscriptions dedicated to the martyrs.Most of them were left by the officials of Fuzhou Shipyard of the early Republican period.

Words

dedication　　　献礼

vassal　　　属国

withdraw　　　撤回

consent　　　同意，赞成

redeploy　　　调动;重新配置

retrieve　　　找回

3.马限山公园

各位游客大家好，欢迎参观船政文化主题公园——马限山公园。我们这是船政精英馆。精英馆原为圣教医院公寓，后因建立船政文化主题公园才修复为船政精英馆。我们面前所展示的大幅浮雕就是从船政学堂走出的精英。这些名人以及这段历史，我将结合下列展室为大家做出详细的介绍。

第一展室

站在我们面前的就是近代著名的思想家、翻译家、教育家严复。1866年，严复以第一名的成绩考入福建船政学堂。那年严复父亲去世，正巧那次招生考题是“大孝终身慕父母”，严复触景生情写出了一篇情文并茂的文章获得沈葆桢的赏识，被评为第一名。1877年，严复被选派英国留学。1879年，清政府急需人才，他被临时调回，先后在船政学堂当教习，在天津水师学堂任总教习。甲午海战后，他对国家备受欺凌的惨状痛心疾首，连续发表了《论世变之亟》等文，翻译了《天演论》，以“物竞天择，适者生存”理论，号召国人救国存亡，与天争胜。严复因其在当时思想界和学术界的显赫地位，被任命为北大第一任校长。

第二展室

在第二展室里展示的是詹天佑。1872年，詹天佑考上清政府的“幼童出洋预习班”，前往美国就读。在美国，他刻苦学习，顺利考入耶鲁大学土木工程系，专攻铁路工程，并以第一名成绩从该校毕业。1881年，詹天佑被送到福建水师学堂驾驶海船。1888年，詹天佑转入中国铁路公司，这是他献身中国铁路事业的开始。1905年，清政府决定兴建我国第一条铁路——京张铁路。詹天佑担任了总工程师，全权负责建设京张铁路。在山多坡陡的青龙桥地段，巧妙地运用折返线原理设计建造“人字形”铁路，从而降低了坡度，保证列车安全开上八达岭。周恩来总理曾称赞他为“中国人的光荣”。

第三展室

王寿昌和林纾是中国第一位将法国著名的爱情小说《茶花女》翻译成中文的人。曾经是船政学子的王寿昌，从法国巴黎大学毕业后回国任船政学堂法文教习，适值他的好友，古文学家林纾，痛失爱妻。王寿昌请他到马尾散心，暂住储材馆。这就是当年的储材馆，在荷花盛开的地方，精通法文的王寿昌正在滔滔不绝地叙述着茶花女的故事，不懂外语的林纾伏案疾书，用文言文写成了《巴黎茶花女遗事》。1899年《巴黎茶花女遗事》一经发行就在全国范围内引起轰动，林纾也成了全国名人。这极大鼓舞了他，从此踏上了翻译之路。林纾一生共翻译了《伊索寓言》《鲁滨逊漂流记》等各国小说184部。许多文人大家都对他褒扬有加，晚清著名学者、政治思想家、改革家康有为把林纾和严复并称为“译才并世数严林”。

第四展室

在第四展示的墙上有几幅图片，其中舰船共有十二艘，都是魏瀚主持或参与建设的。魏瀚是中国近代著名的船舰专家。1866年，他入船政学堂，刻苦用功，毕业后被分配到船政，1875年到法国学习，学成后回船政从事造船工作。大家看，这是当年魏瀚造船时的情景。

第五展室

这里展示的是两位著名的外交家陈季同、罗丰禄。1866年，15岁的陈季同考入福州船政学堂。1877年他又考入法国政治学堂，以后担任驻德、法参赞，代理驻法公使兼比利时、奥地利、丹麦和荷兰四国参赞，在巴黎居住16年之久。陈季同不仅是一名著名的外交家，同时也是一位著名的翻译家。他通晓法文、英文、德文和拉丁文，特别是法文造诣在晚清中国可谓独步一时。他著译了大量的法文书，向西方传播中国文化。《红楼梦》《聊斋志异》就是他最早介绍给西方的。这些书籍深受法国人欢迎，一年三次再版，轰动欧洲。由于他的突出贡献，被公认为中学西传的第一人。

另一位也是从船政学堂走出的外交家罗丰禄。罗丰禄作为第一届赴欧留学生，同时兼任清朝驻法国公使馆翻译、驻英国公使馆翻译。1880年，学成回国，罗丰禄入幕于北洋大臣李鸿章，兼任李鸿章的英文秘书。1896年出任驻英、意、比三国钦差大臣，为一代外交重臣。

第六展室

现在，和我们站在一起的军人正是海军名将萨镇冰!萨镇冰也是船政学堂的学生。1869年11岁的萨镇冰考入船政学堂，不久，他被选派英国格林威治海军学校学习。学成回国后，他就职于北洋水师，1917年任海军总长，1920年5月到8月兼代国务总理，1922年任福建省省长。

第七展室

大家知道，中国第一架飞机是在马尾诞生的，由第一任福州船政局局长陈兆锵主持制造。陈兆锵从船政学堂毕业后先在北洋水师任职，后受命为第一任江南造船厂船长，之后又调任福州船政局局长。1918年，国家在福州马尾船政局创设中国第一家专业的飞机制造厂——飞行工程处，从美国留学归来的一批优秀的工程师于1919年8月制造出中国的第一架飞机。至1930年底，马尾已造出七种共十七架的教练机、侦察机、海岸巡逻机、鱼雷轰炸机，属中国第一代航空产品。

梅园监狱

各位团友，我们已经来到梅园监狱。公元1840年，中国在鸦片战争中战败，英国于1844年派遣领事进驻福州，遇到百姓的抵制和反抗。为了镇压中国百姓，福州英国领事馆公然在仓前山租下一座民房作为临时监狱，关押无辜船民和商贩，诬陷他们为“海盗”。后来，英国人觉得监狱设在福州市区很不方便，便在马限山盖起了一座坚固的监狱，这样既不招人耳目，而且英国战舰近在咫尺，保卫方便，还免了长途押运的麻烦。

监狱占地约450平方米，外观接近西式民居，只有进入房屋后才能发现是牢房。监狱分为三部分:水牢、地上牢房和地下牢房。水牢建于1870年，深1.5米，长3.62米，是当时用来专门关“顽固”犯人的。地下牢房是最恐怖的，它依山而建，被岩石包住。牢门小到只能一人爬进去，牢内最多可关押近几十人，石墙上端仅有几个小孔通气。排气换气极差，关押的人一多，很容易窒息而死。据说，牢中死了人，受雇的当地苦力便拖出死尸掩埋在附近山上。到底有多少人惨死在黑狱中，已无从知晓。1942年，这一带的房子归旧海军，海军官员在此遍植梅树。梅园之名由此沿用至今，监狱也被称为梅园监狱，现已被列为福州市文物保护单位。

英国领事分馆

我们面前的这座西式建筑就是1870年英国人设在马尾的英国领事分馆。大家可以注意到不管是廊柱还是外墙的转角处，凡是人们有可能接触到的都经过削角及打磨处理。而从高大的百叶窗也可以想象到建筑的通风、采光都非常好。

下面请大家随我到展厅内参观。1840年鸦片战争以后，福州被迫辟为“五口通商”口岸，列强争先恐后在南台岛设立领事馆、海关、医院、创办洋行、学校和教会。这座近代外国驻福州各领事馆的沙盘模型，标识出19世纪后期17个国家驻福州领事馆的大致方向。左上角中洲岛上的那座桥，就是第一座横跨闽江的大桥。各国领事刚到福州时，都想把领事馆设在城区内，但都被义愤的民众赶出了城区，因此形成各国领事馆都集中在仓前山的现象。右侧的山指的是马尾马限山，我们现在就在山顶上的英国领事馆内，这座是梅园监狱，山下的两座建筑分别是马限圣教医院及由法国人创立的掠卖华工的猪仔牙(即贩卖华工的转运站)。

这块石碑是砌在英国领事馆分馆的墙基上，“1870”是建英领事分馆的时间，字母“VR”代表的是英国维多利亚女王时代。

下面，我带大家看看当时英国领事的豪华办公室。说它豪华，也许有些朋友不以为然，一张办公桌，一张办公椅，几个橱柜就能称得上豪华?你看，这张百年前留下的办公桌，可是用整张鳄鱼皮包裹而成的，连桌上这小小的收纳盒，都是用象牙精制而成。

走廊的版面上，分别介绍了当年各帝国主义国家在福州设立海关、洋行、办医院及学校的情况。

我们现在所占的位置是中坡炮台。始建于1868年，当时主要保卫罗星山与马限山之间的河道。炮台筑有主炮位、掩体、坑道等，并在距炮台300米处修有弹药库、兵营，以随时参加战斗。中间平台为炮兵日常演练、战时运送弹药的场所。1996年被列为全国重点文物保护单位。

3.Maxianshan Park

Ladies and gentlemen，welcome to Maxianshan Park.This is the Museum commemorating the elites of Fuzhou Shipyard.The museum was once the apartment of a Missionary Hospital.The huge relievos before us are the elites graduating from Foochow Naval School.I will respectively introduce the min the following exhibition rooms.

Exhibition Room1

The statue before us is Yan Fu，a famous thinker，translator and educator in modern China.In 1866，Yan took the entrance examination of Foochow Naval School，in which all the candidates were asked to write an essay on the topic of“People with great filial piety show lifelong respect to their parents”.Yan’s father just passed away not long before the exam.The topic aroused his tender feelings from his deep heart.His article，eloquent in expression and rich in emotion，deeply impressed Shen Baozheng，the examiner，who，therefore，gave him the highest mark and enrolled him as the best student.In 1877，Yan was sent to Britain for further studies at the government’s expenses.In 1879，he was called back because of the urgent needs of professionals like him in China.He was first assinged to teach in Foochow Naval School，and one year later transferred to Beiyang Naval Officers＇School at Tianjin.After the Sino－Japanese War of 18，Yan felt bitter about China’s frequent suffering from being bullied and humiliated by imperialist powers.He published a series of articles such as The Urgent Need of Change，and translated Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics.With the theory of“the survival of the fittest”，he wanted to call upon Chinese to fight the foreign aggressors for national salvation and independence.He was appointed as the first principal of National Peking University now Peking University because of his eminent station in the realm of ideology and academy.

Exhibition Room2

This is the exhibition room of Jeme Tien Yow.In 1872，Jeme，twelve－year－old，was successfully admitted to the Young Children Training Class Abroad，and sent to the US by the Qing imperial officials as part of the Chinese Educational Mission.In 1878，he was admitted to Yale University，majoring in Civil Engineering，specializing in railroad construction，and graduated as the top in 1881.In the same year，Jeme was sent to Fujian Naval School to sail ships.In 1888，Jeme was transferred to China Railway Corporation where he started lifelong career in railway construction in China.In 1905，the Qing government decided to build Jing－Zhang Railway，the first railway in China，and Jeme was the chief engineer.In the steep and mountainous stretch around Blue－dragon Bridge，he smartly designed the herringbone railway so that trains were able to climb up the steep incline of the Badaling Great Wall.The former Premier Zhou Enlai highly praised him as a glory of China.

Exhibition Room3

The two characters we see here are Wang Shouchang and Lin shu.They worked together to translate the famous French novel Lady of the Camellias by Alexander Dumas into Chinese.They are the first ones to do the work.Wang once studied in Foochow Naval School.After he graduated from the University of Paris，he returned to teach French in the school.At that time，the specialist in classical Chinese Lin Shu，Wang’s close friend，was in deep sorrow over his beloved wife’s death.To comfort his friend and distract him from his bereavement，Wang invited Lin to his house in Mawei.This is the Chucai mansion，where Wang Shouchang eloquently narrated the story while Lin Shu，who did not know much about French，put it down in classical Chinese.The Chinese version created a great stir in the country，which inspired him a lot and drove him on the way to being a great translator.He translated in total 184 books，including Aesop’s Fables and Robinson Crusoe.Many noted Chinese scholars thought highly of him.Kang Youwei，a scholar and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing Dynasty，nominated Lin Shu and Yan Fu as the most extraordinary talents in translation.

Exhibition Room4

On the wall of this room are pictures of 12 vessels.Wei Han，a famous expert in ship engineering in modern China，was in charge of the construction of these vessels.He was admitted to Naval School in 1866.After he graduated，he was assigned to work in Fuzhou Shipyard.In 1875，Wei went to France for further study.Four years later，he retured to Fuzhou Shipyard and was assigned to be the chief engineer in charge of building ships.This is the picture of Wei who was supervising the construction of a vessel.

Exhibition Room5

This exhibition roomis about two famous diplomats，Chen Jitong and Luo Fenglu.In 1866，15－year－old Chen was admitted to Naval School.In 1877 he was admitted to French Political School.He was later appointed to be the counselor to Germany，France，and acting administration consular to Belgium，Austria，Denmark and Holland successively in the following years.He lived in Paris for almost 16 years.He was not only a diplomat but an excellent translator.He was proficient in English，German，Latin，and especially French.He introduced Chinese culture to Western society by writing and translating a large number of Chinese books into French，such as A Dream of Red Mansion and Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio.His books，well－received in France，were reprinted three times within a year，which caused a stir in Europe.Owing to his notable achievement，Chen was acknowledged to be the pioneer of Chinese and Western cultural communication.

The other diplomat is Luo Fenglu，who also graduated from Foochow Naval School.He was one of the first students studying in Europe.He served as an interpreter for the Qing government’s legation in France and Britain during his study in the Royal College of Britain.After his returning to China in 1880，Luo worked as an assistant and English secretary for Li Hongzhang，who was a politician，general，and diplomat of the late Qing Empire.In 1896 he took up the post of the imperial envoy to Britain，Italy and Belgium.

Exhibition Room6

Here stands the statue of Sa Zhenbing，a prominent Chinese admiral.He was admitted to Fuzhou Naval School when he was only eleven years old in 1869.Before long，he was sent abroad to study at the Royal Naval College of Greenwich in Britain.In 1905，after his graduation，Sa returned to China and was appointed Admiral－in－Chief of the Beiyang，Nanyang and Guangdong Fleets，tasked with rebuilding the Imperial Chinese Navy.Under his leadership，the Chinese naval personnel improved considerably.Sa was appointed as the minister of the naval force in 1917，and concurrently as acting Premier of the State Council from May to August in 1920，then as the provincial governor of Fujian Province in 1922.

Exhibition Room7

The first air plane in China was manufactured in Mawei.Chen Zhaoqiang，the first director of Fuzhou Shipyard，was in charge of the mission.Chen entered Beiyang Naval Force after he graduated from Fuzhou Naval School.He was once appointed as the first director of Jiangnan Shipyard and then the Director－General of Fuzhou Shipyard.In 1918，China set up its first Aircraft factory in Mawei.A group of excellent engineers who returned from the U.S.manufactured the first airplane in China in August 1919.By the end of 1930，seventeen airplanes of seven categories，including training planes，recon planes，coastal patrol planes，and torpedo bombers had been produced.They are the first generation of aviation products in China.

Meiyuan Prison(Plumgarden prison)

Ladies and gentlemen，we are now at Meiyuan Prison.After China’s defeat in the Opium War of 1840，Great Britain dispatched consuls to Fuzhou in 1844，which received resolute resistance from the locals.To suppress the opposition，the British consulate rented a house in Cangqianshan as the temporary prison.Some innocent boatmen and businessmen were framed，charged for piracy and thrown into prison.Later on，the British were afraid that it would arouse anger fromthe locals to have a prison in downtown area，so they moved the prison to Maxianshan since it was well－concealed;convenient for transporting prisoners;and easy to protect because of the British fleet nearby.

The prison，covering an area of 450 square meters，looks like an ordinary western residence from the outside.Not until walking into the house will you discover that it was once a prison.The prison was divided into three parts:water cells，ground cells and dungeons.The water cells，1.5 meters deep and 3.62 meters long，were built in 1870.The most obstinate prisoners were locked up in here.The dungeons are the most terrifying part.To prevent prisoners from escaping，the dungeons，nestled at the foot of the mountains，are surrounded by rocks.The small gate of the cells allows only one man to climb through.Dozens of prisoners were crammed into one cell.The cell was so poorly ventilated through the holes on the rock wall that prisoners often suffocated to death.Prisoners who died here would be secretly buried in the mountains nearby and the number of prisoners who died here is still unknown.In 1942，this building was given back to the old navy.The navy officials planted a large number of plumtrees，hence the prison’s name plum garden.The prison has been listed as an important cultural relic site under municipal－level protection by the Fuzhou Government.

The British consulate

The western－style building in front of us is the British consul branch established in 1870.Youmay notice the human－oriented design of the buildings，that is，all the sharp edges of the colonnades or walls where people are likely to get hurt had been blunted.The huge shutters allowed sufficient air and light into the rooms.

Now let’s go into the exhibition room.After the Opium War in 1840，Fuzhou，one of the five seaports was forced to open to western powers who set up consulates，customs，hospitals，schools and churches in Nantai Island.This sand table model roughly marked out the positions of the seventeen countries’consulates in Fuzhou in the end of nineteenth century.The bridge in the upper left corner is the Wanshou Bridge，the first bridge crossing Minjiang River，connecting Nantai Island and the downtown area.Consuls thought to set up consulates in the downtown area，but were strongly protested against by locals，that is why most of the consulates are concentrated in Cangqianshan Mountain.The mountain on the right is the Maxianshan Mountain.We are now standing on the top of the mountain.This is Meiyuan Prison.The two buildings at the foot of the mountain are Ponasano Missionary Hospital and Zhuzaiya，a place set up by a French where Chinese laborers were trafficked overseas.

The stone tablet used to be embeded in the wall sill of the British consul branch.The figure 1870 indicates the year when the consulate was built.The letter“VR”stands for Queen Victoria.

Now let me show you the luxurious office in the British consulate.Some of you may think luxurious is not the right word for this room because there are only one desk，one chair and a couple of cabinets until you notice that the desk was wrapped by a piece of crocodile skin.Even the small storage box on the desk was made of ivory.

Here on the walls along the corridor are some introductions about the customs，banks，hospitals and schools founded by the imperialist countries.

We are now at the Zhongpo Batteries.They were set up in 1868 to protect the river course between Luoxing Mountain and Maxianshan Mountain.There are cannons，shelters and pits here and arsenal barracks just about 300 meters away so that solidersmay get ready for battle anytime.The plat form in the middle is for military drills and transportation of ammunition during the battle.In 1996，the batteries were listed as an important cultural relic site under state－level protection by the Central Government.

Words

commemorate　　　纪念

eloquent　　　有口才的

nominate　　　提名

supervise　　　监督，管理

diplomat　　　外交官

defeat　　　挫败，败北

dispatch　　　派遣

consul　　　领事

obstinate　　　倔强的，不易屈服的

dungeons　　　地牢

ventilate　　　使...空气流通，通风

cannon　　　机关炮

ammunition　　　弹药，炮弹

4.马尾造船厂

今天我们游览的的第一站是马尾造船厂。马尾造船厂是一家有一百多年历史的工厂，创办于1866年，是中国开办得最早的国防军事工业。中国近代工业首先创办的就是造船工业，所以大家脚底下的这片土地就是中国工业的源头。

马尾造船厂以前叫船政，因为设立在福建，所以也叫福建船政。看这座塑像，他就是首任船政大臣沈葆桢，工厂占地面积六百亩，厂区外是荒地。在沈葆桢的领导下，只过了两三年，一座近代化的中国大型的造船厂就这样出现了。当时造船厂主要是建立新的海军舰队，十几年的时间里，中国人的梦想就在这里实现。所以马尾又被誉为中国海军的发祥地。

原来的福建船政，是归皇帝管的直属机构。民国时期，被称为福州船政局，是归海军部管的。1918年，在这里还设立了中国第一家飞机制造厂，造出了我国第一批飞机。在抗日战争时期，工厂多次遭到轰炸，还两次被日军占领，受到了毁灭性的破坏。现在的马尾造船公司，主要建造出口船，产品出口欧洲和东南亚各国，非常受用户的欢迎。

大家请看这棵榕树叫“沈公榕”，是沈葆桢种的，有130多年的历史。旁边的这个建筑“法式钟楼”是按照法国图式设计的船厂钟楼。钟楼呈方形五层结构，高18.2米，第五层设有四面机械钟，钟面的直径一米，现在看不到是因为被炸毁了，楼内还有汽笛，钟楼的底部以前被作为办公场所。钟楼式法兰西风格，它是东西方文化交流的成果。

各位游客，现在大家看到的这一座具有法兰西风格的建筑物是我国现存最古老的厂房，建于1867年，是一个制造船用轮机的车间。大家看看这两头石狮子，它们是在船政开办初期打造的，用的是惠安的青石，造价146两银子。古人认为狮子有辟邪驱魔的作用。把它看作是护法灵兽，在寺庙、大户人家、衙门的门口都会摆放。雄的在左，雌的在右，从来都是这样的，但是也有例外，在慈禧太后掌权时，皇帝成了傀儡，大小的官员每天都想着巴结老佛爷，船政也不例外，官员们就在石狮子上做文章，把雌雄调换了位置，到了民国以后才调回原位。

轮机厂原为对称的两座厂房，南侧毁于日军炮火，现存这一座，保留着当年的风貌，像这种具有近代欧洲风格的厂房，结构牢固，冬暖夏凉，不是后来的厂房能够比拟的。

上面的红色建筑是船政绘事院，也就是现在的技术设计院，是船厂设计船体和船机的工作场所，也是培育造船技术人才的教育机构。

船史陈列馆内

第一展厅:晚清时期的福建船政

这幅图体现的是当时船政衙门的规模。船政衙门建成于1867年夏，以衙门管理工业企业，是晚清官办企业的一大特色。船政衙门毁于日军侵华战火，建筑物全部被毁，仅留下门前的池子。

大家看，这两位是福建船政的创办人左宗棠和沈葆桢。他们都是著名的洋务派人物。1866年，左宗棠上书朝廷聘请法国人在马尾建厂造船。同时，他认为不能长期依赖外国人，必须自己培养科技人才，并提出“船政的根本在于学堂”，主张办学。

马尾船厂当时是远东最大的机器造船厂，连现在的造船大国日本，当时也没有这么大规模的造船厂。这是当时的厂址规模图，大家可以看一下。

为培养我国自己的技术和海军人才，船政创办之初，即开设了求是堂艺局，后改称为船政前后学堂。前学堂培育造船技术人才，聘法籍教员以法语教学，后学堂培育驾驶与管轮人才，以英语教学。船政学堂为国家培育了一大批优秀的造船、海军等各方面人才。严复、萨镇冰、刘步蟾、詹天佑是其中的杰出代表。船政学堂是我国最先引进西方自然科学教材和教学制度建立起来的第一所新式学校，开创我国近代教育之先河。民国时期，船政学堂改革为福州海军学校，培育出众多海军将领。

近代中国发生了两场大海战，一是中法马江海战，一是中日甲午海战。在这两次抵御外来侵略的战争中，大都是马尾培养出来的新一代海军战士在奋斗。这些是当时在中法马江海战中殉难的战士，大家可以看一下。

慈溪太后挪用了马尾造军舰的经费，导致了马尾船政的衰败。以上就是晚清时期马尾船厂的历史。

第二展厅:解放后的船厂

1912年4月，孙中山先生专程来马尾参观，评价很高，认为是中国海军根基。这是孙中山先生当时和福州各界人员的合照。

解放以后，部队接管了造船厂，工厂恢复了，但发展步伐很慢，因为当时福建的重工业不怎么发展。直到改革开放以后，马尾造船厂才开始迅速发展，依靠学习引进国内外先进的造船技术，造出来5000吨至1.76万吨级大船。这里是从晚清到现在马尾厂所生产的船只。马尾船政已然成为中国东南生产出口船只的重要基地。

第三展厅

第三展厅主要介绍一些领导来厂参观时所留下的合影和题词，有兴趣大家可以看一看。

大家往南边看，那是船厂的主要生产区，即船台。马尾船厂一共有5千吨、1.5万吨和3.5万吨台三座。

现在大家行走的这个地点，是工厂舾装码头，也是造船厂的重要生产设施，码头全场345米，满潮时水深15米，可以泊靠三万吨级轮船，吃水浅的矮胖型船舶可停靠五万吨。

4.Mawei Shipyard

The first stop of today’s visit is Mawei Shipyard.Founded in 1866，Mawei Shipyard was the first base of national defense and military industry.Chinese modern industry started up in the ship－building industry，therefore，the land we are standing on is considered the birthplace of Chinese industry.

Mawei Shipyard used to be called Mawei Chuanzhen or Fujian Chuanzheng(Administration of ship building).Please look at the statue.It is Shen Baozhen，the first chief director of Mawei Shipyard.He spent about three years building this large－scale modern shipyard.Surrounded by wasteland，it covers an area of 40 hectares.The main task of the shipyard at that time was to arm Chinese Naval forces，and the goal was accomplished within a dozen years，therefore，Mawei is also reputed as the cradle of the Chinese Navy.

Fujian Shipyard was originally under the direction of Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang，leaders of the Qing government’s Self－Strengthening Movement of the mid to late 19^thcentury，an institution directly under the central government.It came under the Navy Department during the Republican period and was renamed as Fuzhou Shipyard.This is where the first Chinese airplane manufactory was established in 1918，and the first Chinese airplanes were produced here.The factory，however，was devastated by Japanese invaders＇repeated bombardments and occupation during the Anti－Japanese War.Today，Mawei Shipyard Company mainly turns out ships for some European and Southeastern countries，where she enjoys a good reputation.

Ladies and gentlemen，please look at this banyan tree.It is called Shen’s banyan tree since it was planted personally by Shen Baozhen.And now it is about 130 years old.The building nearby is a French－style belfry.Conforming to a French sketch，the five－story square tower is 18.2 meters high.On each side of the top floor of the tower were four mechanical clocks about 1 meter in diameter.Unfortunately they were destroyed in one blast.There used to be a siren in the tower.And the office was once located on the ground floor.This French style tower was considered to be the symbol of the fusion of Eastern and Western culture.

Now，this French style building in front of us is the oldest factory in China.Built in 1867，it used to be a workshop to make motorship turbines.Please look at the two stone lions at the gate，the male on the left and the female on the right.They cost146 taels of siver to make of bluestones from Hui＇an Fujian in the early days of Fuzhou Shipyard.In ancient times，people put stone lions in the doorway of temples，government mansions and wealthy residences because they believed that lions were supernatural beings which were able to exorcise evil spirits.When the Empress Dowager Cixi came into power and the emperor did not have any say in state affairs，government officials including those of Fuzhou Shipyard fawned over her by exchanging the positions of the two lions，which lasted till the Republic Period.

There used to be two symmetrical workshops in this turbine factory.The southern one was devastated by Japanese gunfire，while the remaining one still maintains the original modern European architectural features.No other factories built later may pallarel the merits of this one，because the structure of the workshop is not only firm and but also good looking.In addition，its design makes it cool in summer and warm in winter.

The red building above was the drawing office of the shipyard，equivalent to the institution of technical design today.It was the workplace where hulls and marine engines were designed，and it also served as a school in training professionals in ship building.

The Exhibition Hall of the Shipyard History

Hall No.1:Fujian Shipyard in the late Qing dynasty

In this picture，you can see the scale of Fujian Shipyard of that time.The office of Fuzhou Shipyard was established in the summer of 1867.In the late Qing dynasty，state－owned enterprises as Fujian Shipyard were mostly operated under the government.Unfortunately，the office building was completely destroyed by Japanese invaders.What we witness now is just a pond before the office.

These two characters are Zuo Zongtang and Shen Baozhen，well－kown representatives of the Westernization Group.They were the founders of Fujian Shipyard.In 1866，Zuo submitted a document to the court for engaging French experts in the construction project of Mawei shipyard.At the meantime，he insisted that China had to foster talents of her own instead of depending on foreign help.So he put great emphasis on training professionals and stressed that“the essence of Fujian Shipyard lies in the Naval School”.

Mawei shipyard was the largest shipyard in the Far East，even larger than most shipyards in Japan at that time.This is a picture of the factory.

In the early years of Fujian Shipyard，a school called Qiu Shi，literally translated as seeking truth，was founded to enhance China’s own marine technology and professionals.Later the school was divided into two parts，respectively named Front School and Rear School of Fujian Shipyard.The former employed French teachers to train shipbuilding technicians in French，while the latter trained navigators and enginemen in English.The Naval School had produced a large number of outstanding talents who had become qualified in shipbuilding and naval strategies，such as Yan Fu，Sa Zhenbing，Liu Buchan and Jeme Tien Yow，just to name a few.The Naval School was the first school in China to adopt Western educational systems and textbooks on science.In the Republic Period，the school was renamed Fuzhou Navy School，which produce a great number of naval officers.

There happened two well－known naval battles in Modern China.One is the Sino－French Majiang Naval Battle and the other Sino－Japan Jiawu Naval Battle.The martyrs who died for the country were mostly from Fujian Shipyard.These are the pictures of those martyrs in the Sino－French Majiang Naval Battle.

Fuzhou Shipyard went down the hill since its funding was misappropriated by the Empress Dowager Cixi.This is the story of Fujian Shipyard in the late Qing Dynasty.

Hall No.2:Shipyard after the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949

Mr.Sun Yat－sen once paid a special visit to Mawei Shipyard in April1912 and deemed highly of it as the root of Chinese Navy.This is the photograph of Mr.Sun Yat－sen with people from all circles in Fuzhou.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949，the army took over the shipyard and resumed vessel production.But the development was still very slow because heavy industry in Fujian was underdeveloped.Fuzhou Shipyard resumed rapid growth after the initiation of the reform and opening－up.With the help of advanced shipbuilding technology fromhome and abroad，Fuzhou Shipyard was able to produce large ships with a tonnage of 5 thousand to 17.6 thousand.These are the vessels produced in Fuzhou Shipyard fromthe late Qing dynasty to the present day.Mawei Shipyard has become an important base for producing exported ships in southeast China.

Hall No.3

Here are some photographs of Chinses leaders who came to inspect the shipard，and some inscriptions by them.

Now please look to the south.There is the berth，the principal producing area.There are three berths with a tonnage of 5 thousand，15 thousand and 35 thousand respectively.

Now we are walking on the fitting－out dock，the main operating facility of the shipyard.It is345 meters long，and 15 meters deep at high tide.It is large enough for 30 thousand ton ships，even suitable for 50 thousand ton shallow draught ships.

Words

invader　　　侵略者

reputation　　　声誉

blast　　　爆炸

mansion　　　宅邸

symmetrical　　　对称的