旅游翻译（二）

第九单元　旅游翻译（二）

教学目标

本单元教学目标为：一、让学生了解旅游英语的特点；二、熟悉旅游英语汉译的原则；三、体会旅游英语汉译的相关策略和方法。

课文

Having a Yellowstone Experience

Mary Bedingfieldsmith and Scott T.Smith

We traveled through the Upper Geyster Basin，anticipating a “Yellowstone Experience”—our code phrase for the kind of fun you can have when you share nature with thousands of windshield tourists.

Recently，we did some extensive traveling along the Continental Divide Trail (CDT)，which stretched from Mexico to Canada.Ninety-six km (60 miles) of the trail are within Yellowstone National Park.Although the CDT in Wyoming traverses mostly wild backcountry，a CDT hiker makes one notable brush with civilization： The trail goes right through the heart of the small city surrounding Old Faithful Geyser.

Over the previous three weeks we had hiked through several wilderness areas，seeing fewer than a dozen people.Then，entering Yellowstone，we suddenly encountered vast parking lots and an atmosphere similar to Disney World on a busy day.

Nature and the Masses

Three million people visit Yellowstone each year.It’s a good bet that sometime during their stay most of them stop in the Upper Geyster Basin to see Old Faithful.

The Upper Geyster Basin is one of the wonders of the natural world，and the thermal pools and geysers along the Firehole River are a wondrous sight.No words can really do them justice.Standing in the heat and steam blowing off a sapphire pool as the landscape dims and blurs is a mystical experience，a journey back in time to a younger，wilder earth.

More than half of the world’s geysers are found in Yellowstone National Park.There is an incredible variety： small，nearly perpetual spouters； giants that erupt rarely and erratically； fountains bursting from pools.Whatever the type of geyser，you will likely find the best example in the park.

Observers in Yellowstone have counted more active geysers in recent years than ever before in recorded history.Geyser gazing is at its best right now.

Picture Perfect?

During our week in Yellowstone，we gazed at many eruptions of old Faithful.Over the years we have observed this famous geyser hundreds of times，and we never grow tired of it.What can you say about something that not only blows water and steam over 18 m (60 feet) into the air，but does so according to a conveniently posted schedule?

However，not everyone was impressed.After one eruption，two young men complained，“We waited 20 minutes for that?” Following another display，a woman turned to a ranger and asked in a dissatisfied voice，“Was that it?”

We worry about why so many visitors find Old Faithful disappointing.Why does something we always find amazing not meet their expectations? And how much are we，as landscape photographers，to blame? To be successful，a landscape photographer must capture the world at its most spectacular.Scenes must look “better than real”.Scott has photographed Old Faithful many times，and he still doesn’t have an image he is particularly pleased with.But when he does get one，it is likely to be widely published.

People are bombarded with thousands of these perfect images in books，on cards，on TV.Each image may represent weeks or months of patient waiting by a photographer until all elements come together.Yet many visitors to Yellowstone will see Old Faithful erupt only once before rushing off to see the Grand Tetons，Zion Canyon or Yosemite.They have been set up for disappointment.

The Perfect Tourist

As we walked down the boardwalk，disappointed by the visitors’reactions，we saw something that considerably brightened our mood.A little boy about four years old was so excited to be there he could hardly stand it.He had no preconceived notions about how Yellowstone should look.He stopped every meter or so to bend over，hands on knees，to examine something—a pinecone，a steaming fumarole，a bison track.He directed a rapid stream of questions at his parents.It’s a shame that the adults (ourselves included) had not retained more of that child’s wonder.

Animal Jam

One of our Yellowstone Experiences was a typical one： an “animal jam”.Any large wildlife along a park road creates an instant traffic tie-up as folks stop to look and take snapshots.If you spend enough time driving in Yellowstone，you can guess what kind of animal it is by how the cars are parked.If they pulled all the way onto the shoulder，it is probably something common like bison or elk.If vehicles have been parked more hastily with rear ends protruding into the traffic lane，it may be a moose with really big antlers，or，perhaps a coyote hunting.Cars stopped right in the traffic lane and people running along the road indicate a bear or a wolf.

Our “animal jam” included several crookedly parked RVs and，sure enough，there was a bull elk bugling on the edge of the pines，his large polished antlers glinting in the sun.We parked the truck (all the way off the road) and joined the throng to watch and snap a few shots with a telephoto lens.

Then we were off to our destination.We were having fun being tourists and thoroughly enjoying the quirky Yellowstone Experiences that came our way.

参考译文

黄石公园亲体验

玛丽·拜丁菲尔德史密斯　司各特·史密斯

我们行经上喷泉盆地，期待着“亲身体验黄石公园”——这是我们的标准说法，用以形容上千名在挡风玻璃后的游客共赏自然景观的那份乐趣。

最近，我们沿着由墨西哥延伸至加拿大的大陆分水岭步道（CDT）做了一次大范围的旅行。其中96千米的步道位于黄石国家公园内。虽然在怀俄明州内的步道通过的大部分是荒凉的偏僻地带，但徒步旅行者却可以很直接地体验短暂的文明，因为步道从一座环绕在老忠实喷泉周围的小城中心穿过。

在过去的3个礼拜中，我们徒步走过好几个荒野的地区，没见到几个人影。之后，进入了黄石公园内，我们忽然见到了广大的停车场以及类似迪斯尼世界人潮拥挤时的热闹气氛。

自然景观和不可胜数的温泉

每年有300万人造访黄石公园。在他们停留期间，大部分的人八九不离十都会到上喷泉区去看老忠实喷泉。

上喷泉盆地是世界自然奇景之一，温泉池及沿着火洞河的许多间歇泉都是令人叹为观止的景色。没有任何言辞足以对他们做贴切的形容。当周围的景观变得迷蒙，又身处高温之下，热气由蓝宝石般的池水中冒出，真是一种具有神秘感的体验；就像是一趟回到原始蛮荒世界的时光之旅。

世界上超过一半以上的间歇喷泉都在黄石国家公园内。其形态多得令人不可思议：小的，像个源源不绝的喷嘴；巨型的，可是偶尔且不定时的喷发；涌泉则从池中迸出。无论是哪一种间歇泉，你在这公园中都能找到最好的典型。

近年来观察家计算出来在黄石公园里的活动间歇喷泉数已超过任何时代历史的记载。现在正是观赏间歇泉的最佳时机。

画面完美吗？

停留在黄石公园的一周当中，我们看到了好几次的老忠实温泉喷发。多年来，我们已观察这处有名的间歇泉不下数百次，但却从未感到厌倦。对于这个不只会将水和蒸汽喷上18米的高空，而且还会按所定的时间喷出的温泉，怎么会有所怨言呢？

但是并非每个人都被他所打动。在一次的爆发之后，两个年轻人抱怨说：“我们等了20分钟就只为了看那个吗？”在另一次的喷发后，一位妇人以不满的语气问公园管理员说：“就只是这样吗？”

我们对于为何有这么多游客对老忠实感到失望而忧心。为什么在我们看来一向令人惊叹的景象竟无法满足他们的期望？对身为一个专拍风景的摄影师而言，其中有多少是我们该负的责任？要想成功，一个风景摄影师必须捕捉到世界极致的奇景。画面看起来必须“比实际的更好”。史考特曾多次拍摄过老忠实，但仍没有一个画面令他特别满意的。一旦真的有令他满意的作品，大概就会被广为发行了。

人们不断受到书籍中，卡片上或电视里上千幅这样完美的画面的轰炸。而每一幅画面可能都代表了摄影师数周以至于数月耐心的等待，然后才能在各种条件都具备的情况下得以完成。但到黄石公园的许多游客在匆忙赶往大铁顿公园、锡安峡谷或优胜美地等地观赏之前，仅仅只看到老忠实喷泉发一次而已。当然他们是注定要失望的。

最棒的游客

当我们走下了木板步道，怀着因游客反应所带来的失望心情，我们却看到了令我们情绪大为振奋的事。一个大约4岁的小男孩因为到这里而莫名。他对黄石公园应有的景观并没有先入为主的印象。差不多每走1米的距离他就弯下身来，双手撑着膝盖，检视着某样东西——一颗松果、一个冒着烟的喷气孔、一个野牛的足迹。他连珠炮似地向父母提出问题。可惜的是大人们（包括我们自己）并没有抱着比那个小孩子更多的惊叹之情。

动物塞车阵

我们对黄石公园的亲身体验中最具代表性之一，就是“看动物大塞车”。只要公园的路边有任何大型野生动物的出现，就会因为大家停车观看和拍照，而造成立即的交通瘫痪。如果你在黄石公园内开车的时间够久的话，你就可以从停车的方式猜出那造成塞车的动物是什么。如果是沿着路肩排了一长条，大概就是像野牛或大角鹿那样较为普通的动物。如果车子停得较为仓促以致车屁股还突出在车道上，那可能就是一只有着巨型叉角的北美麋鹿，或者是一只正在猎食的美洲土狼。车直接停在车道上而人沿着路边在跑，那就表示看到的是一头熊或一匹狼了。

我们碰到的“看动物大塞车”包括了好几部歪斜停放的休旅车，果然，是一只在松树林旁哞叫的雄大角鹿，它那又大又亮泽的叉角在阳光下闪烁着。我们停好车（车子整个驶离道路），加入了观看的群众，并用望远镜头相机拍了些照片。

随后我们就离开，前往目的地。我们作观光客作得很开心，也十足享受了沿途所遇到的各种奇特的“黄石”经验。

（陈小欣　译）

参考译文赏析

1.［原文］Having a Yellowstone Experience

［译文］黄石公园亲体验

该篇游记风格古朴，语言简练，逻辑严密。译文采用类似小品文的用语，以求效果自然。题目Having a Yellowstone Experience，译文则为“黄石公园亲体验”。此处译文采取增词法，这个增加的“亲”拉近了作者与读者之间的距离，有一种亲切感且译句整齐。

2.［原文］Although the CDT in Wyoming traverses mostly wild backcountry，a CDT hiker makes one notable brush with civilization：

［译文］虽然在怀俄明州内的步道通过的大部分是荒凉的偏僻地带，但徒步旅行者却可以很直接地体验短暂的文明

原句中brush本意为刷子，掠过。译文把brush作为表程度的形容词来处理，译为“短暂”，整个短语则为“直接的体验短暂的文明”，由此对整个句子进行了逻辑上的判断，以表示肯定之意，让人信服。

3.［原文］The trail goes right through the heart of the small city surrounding Old Faithful Geyser.

［译文］因为步道从一座环绕在老忠实喷泉周围的小城中心穿过。

原句中的“Old Faithful Geyser”为专有名词，一般采取直译的方法即能翻译的情况不采用意译的方法。译文把“Old Faithful Geyser”译为“老忠实喷泉”，而且该专有名词的翻译已经普遍被接受。此外，“老忠实泉”的来历是黄石公园中尤以每小时喷水一次的“老忠实泉”最为著名。“老忠实泉”就像老牛喘气一般，不紧不慢地散发着水的蒸汽。14点15分，“老忠实泉”迅速启动，开始喷射热水，并持续了15分钟左右。几百年来，“老忠实泉”总是这样准点的喷射着地热带来的滚烫的地下矿泉水，毫不含糊的忠实。“老忠实泉”又进入蛰伏期，以极其忠实的精神迎接下一批游客。“老忠实泉”就这样日复一日、年复一年地，不分昼夜地严格按照它的时间喷射带着蒸汽的地下热矿泉水，真可谓大自然的一大奇观。

4.［原文］Nature and the Masses

［译文］自然景观和不可胜数的温泉

句中的“Nature and the Masses”译为“自然景观和不可胜数的温泉”，此处采用了增词法，既讲究字面对应，又使语义传递信息到位，从而与上下文相连，并且应对巧妙。

5.［原文］Three million people visit Yellowstone each year.It’s a good bet that sometime during their stay most of them stop in the Upper Geyster Basin to see Old Faithful.

［译文］每年有300万人造访黄石公园。在他们停留期间，大部分的人八九不离十都会到上喷泉区去看老忠实喷泉。

it’s a good (or) safe bet that...句式表示“非常有可能”或“可以肯定的是”的意思。译文换为“八九不离十”的习语（出自老舍《柳屯的》：“可是比较的，我还算是他的熟人，自幼儿的同学。我不敢说是明白他，不过讲猜测的话，我或者能猜个八九不离十。”），如此处理既不太直、太实，又通俗明了。

6.［原文］The Upper Geyster Basin is one of the wonders of the natural world，and the thermal pools and geysers along the Firehole River are a wondrous sight.No words can really do them justice.

［译文］上喷泉盆地是世界自然奇景之一，温泉池及沿着火洞河的许多间歇泉都是令人叹为观止的景色。没有任何言辞足以对他们做贴切的形容。

此句译文采用了复合句分译的方法。有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理，合理进行切分，使译文层次分明，观点明确。

7.［原文］Picture Perfect?

［译文］画面完美吗？

此处原文“Picture Perfect?”只有两个单词，译文为一个句子“画面完美吗”此处使用了单词分译的方法。单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。为什么要拆，拆哪个词，拆的目的是什么？采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足。二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。其实简单来说，就是我们要把某一挡着翻译通路的词或词组抽出来，先让原句得以顺利地译下去，再将抽出的词或词组作相应处理，使之独立成句。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。

8.［原文］Yet many visitors to Yellowstone will see Old Faithful erupt only once before rushing off to see the Grand Tetons，Zion Canyon or Yosemite.

［译文］但到黄石公园的许多游客在匆忙赶往大铁顿公园、锡安峡谷或优胜美地等地观赏之前，仅仅只看到老忠实喷泉发一次而已。

“the Grand Tetons，Zion Canyon or Yosemite”译为“大铁顿公园、锡安峡谷或优胜美地”用了音译法，对于景点中的地名可采用完全音译法，虽然在国外没有与其直接对应的事物，但外国人也早已知晓，这些词就可以直接音译。

9.［原文］He stopped every meter or so to bend over，hands on knees，to examine something—a pinecone，a steaming fumarole，a bison track.He directed a rapid stream of questions at his parents.

［译文］差不多每走1米的距离他就弯下身来，双手撑着膝盖，检视着某样东西—— 一颗松果、一个冒着烟的喷气孔、一个野牛的足迹。他连珠炮似向父母提出问题。

“directed a rapid stream of questions”，此处为动词短语，中文以“连珠炮似地提出问题”以比喻的方式译之，甚妥。此处使用了增译法。增加语义上、修辞上需要的词语。许多英语句子中虽然未省略某些成分，但汉译时仍需增补有关词语才能使译文明快达意，文从字顺。

10.［原文］If vehicles have been parked more hastily with rear ends protruding into the traffic lane，it may be a moose with really big antlers，or，perhaps a coyote hunting.

［译文］如果车子停得较为仓促以致车屁股还突出在车道上，那可能就是一只有着巨型叉角的北美麋鹿，或者是一只正在猎食的美洲土狼。

此处从语法的角度使用了减译法。英语代词it既可用作人称代词也可用作非人称代词或强调句中，非人称代词it做主语时，实际上是个虚词，并不指代上下文中的具体事物，一般主要用于表示自然现象、时间、距离、环境及一般情况等。汉译时常将这一非人称代词it省略。

翻译理论学习

典型的游记类文章有明确的目的地，一般透过旅游告诉我们旅游地的典型特征及风土人情，而这正是这类文章的主题思想。这类游记通过对旅游所见所闻的客观描述，表现了旅游者的愉悦心情。它和另一类侧重作者心理感受的游记不同。这些重要特点在旅游途中抵达的城市往往有明确的体现，例如某地景色宜人，某地繁华，某地多民族，等等。游记常是游到哪儿，记到哪儿。每一篇游记都有一定的路线。弄清了路线，对分析文章的结构，语言有很大的作用。

游记可以分为很多种。以记录行程为主的是记叙型游记；以抒发感情为主的是抒情型游记；以描绘景物、景观为主的是写景型游记；通过游记来说明一个道理的，是说理型游记。但是，不论哪一种游记，都是通过对自然风光、风景名胜、城市景观、景观中的人与事进行描绘，来达到记事、抒情、说理等目的。所以写作游记时，一定要具备“游”的记录，没有“游”，也就不会有“游记”。

二、游记的写作要素

写游记一定要有一条合理的线索贯穿其中。游记中，最常用的写作顺序可能就是行踪了。即按照游览的先后次序来写。此外，还有以景物的组织关系、方位关系等作为游记的线索的。

主体，指做这件事的人或集体。既然是游，就一定有游的主体。在游记的写作中，如果缺少了人，就与说明文或写景散文差不多了。对游记中主体的点明也有多种不同的方式，可以在一开始就点明。此外，游记的主体还可以在写作过程中自然出场，也可以在文章结尾指出。

写景，对景物的描写也是游记的一个重要组成部分。人是主体，景是客体。游记中的写景，应根据写作的需要，有选择、有重点地写。游记中的景物描写最好能够配合文章的主题。

地点，在写游记时，一定要注意说明游览或参观的地点，比如海洋馆、大草原、科技馆等。

三、游记翻译的常用技巧

1.增添

由于地域不同、历史不同、文化背景不同，两个民族对同一事物的理解也存在着很大差异。有些内容在原语国家可能尽人皆知，但外国人却一无所知。在这种情况下，对原文中一些带有原语文化色彩和历史背景的重要信息，就可以添加解释性翻译，将这部分知识补充出来，避免译语读者的误解甚至不解，做到内外有别。

2.删减

中国人在描写完一个景色之后，常会引用一段名人的话或者中国古诗作验证，这样会让读者或听者加深印象，并从中得到艺术享受。可是这类补充性信息对外国人和译员来说，却往往是不大不小的负担。甚至有时候这些描述不但对原文理解没有帮助，还会让游客更觉糊涂。在游记翻译时，如果没有特别目的和要求，这样的文字常可删去。

另一种情况是，汉语在介绍美景时倾向于使用华丽的辞藻和各种各样的修辞格，甚至几个连用的词表示的都是类似的意思。在英语口语中，这种华丽并不实用，意义相似甚至雷同，给人的感觉也不一定美，所以翻译的时候可做适当的删减，只要把美好的感觉传达给客人就可以了。

3.改写

在游记翻译中，有些名词、术语是该国家或该地区特有的，如果直接按字面翻译，游客根本听不懂，这时就不得不改变说法。

4.直译、加注和释义采取直译加注其背景知识和解释原文含义，避免损失其民族色彩形象性和联想意义。

5.音译与意译相结合增加对原文字面意思解释的内容。在地名翻译中，不可避免会有音译。音译是外国人和中国人在地名上的一种认同，在音译后可以加注一些说明。要想做好音译后的解释，必须要对音译主体的具体位置、地名的由来、地名的时代内涵以及历史背景具有透彻地了解。

四、游记翻译的注意事项

1.语言和文化差异在游记翻译过程中应该引起充分重视。本族语干扰这类差错主要是由于本族语与目的语在语言的表层结构和深层结构上的差异而使目的语在这两个层面上本族语化所致，多见于非目的语专业的学生或初学者。不同国家的语言、风俗、兴趣等多有不同，在游记翻译中应该细心甄别、求同化异、查漏补缺。

2.认知水平指学生对目的语在语言的直义（denotation）、含义（implication）、运用规则等方面理解及掌握的质量优劣及程度的高低，这往往受到语言学习者智力水平、精神状态、身体及记忆力的好坏、学习兴趣与动机以及学习的勤奋程度等诸方面的影响和制约。

3.思维差异这是东西方文化差异所致，不用说目的语的初学者，甚至外语习得水平较高的非本族语人士也会犯此类错误。

4.过度概括意为学习者过度地扩充了目的语某一规则的使用范围。这类错误最典型地表现在句子成分的残缺上。

5.游记翻译既属于口译范畴，又不同于一般的口译，它涉及多种学科，自然科学、社会科学、天文地理、风土人情、传说典故、诗词歌赋等各方面，因此对译者的要求很高。

由此可见，游记翻译不但要力求准确、充分体现原语的信息及语言风貌，更要起到扩展知识、激发兴趣的作用。因此，在游记翻译中必须考虑译语的表达习惯和听众的接受能力，并尽可能地让译语体现出原语的概念和意象，而不能片面追求语言文字和信息量的对等。

翻译练习

练习一

Inside Canberra

Gareth Morgan

Advanced reporter Gareth Morgan takes a bird’s eye view of Canberra and discovers there’s more to Australia’s capital city than first glances reveal.

From 300 meters (1，000 feet) up，Canberra didn’t look like a city at all.Wasn’t I supposed to be taking a hot air balloon ride over the capital city of Australia? Layers of trees，lakes and hills filled the vista before me.It looked more like national park than the seat of power of the Southern Hemisphere’s largest country.But that’s Canberra for you—a place that somehow evades description.Notice I didn’t say defies description.Defiant doesn’t seem to describe a city as refined，cultured and squeaky—clean as Canberra.

All manner of interesting places were hidden underneath and between all those trees.Our balloon flew over the recently-opened National Museum，a colorful tangle of postmodern architecture.We floated out over beautiful Lake Burley Griffin，the sprawling body of water bisecting the city.As the sun rose over the eastern hills，the precise，concentric rings of streets surrounding Capital Hill soon came into view.Parliament House itself was somewhat disguised，tucked beneath the grassy hill’s peak，with entrances at each side.A parent with preschoolers might recognize it as looking much like the Teletubby house on a grand scale.Various other old edifices and manicured private gardens were revealed beneath us as we drifted silently above.

The sun was burning off the last of the early morning dew and fog as we touched down near a velodrome on the south side of the city.What a journey！ A balloon ride really shows you the contrasts of Canberra.A mix of old and new，natural and man-made，historically-rooted and forward-looking，Australia’s capital has real personality.

A Museum of Epic Proportions

In search of more of this personality，I checked out Canberra’a National Museum.Like many people，I must confess that mention of the word “museum” doesn’t usually set my enthusiasm on fire.However，Canberra’s National Museum is a true wonder throughout，and I highly recommend visiting.

The mission of this particular museum is to be not a mere display case for artifacts，but a vehicle for telling the story of Australia and its people.To wit，interactive displays and multimedia presentations pervade the entire complex.Visitors are encouraged to not just observe，but experience，react，play，and even to record their own stories and impressions among the various exhibits.One leaves the National Museum with a greater understanding of Australia—a country coming to terms with its multiethnic population，vast geography and checkered colonial past.

Time to Eat！

The profusion of eating places in Canberra’s tourist districts is good for visiting diners.Competition for customers stays high，thus restaurants are usually trying to outdo each other with top-notch service，stylish ambiance，better-than-expected prices and of course interesting food creations.

One can also gather a small understanding about Australian culture simply by visiting a local restaurant.Witness the recent Australian craze for fusion cooking.Australia itself is a veritable spice rack of miscellaneous domestic and foreign ingredients，all of which mingle and interact to form the identity of this great country.Why would Australian food be any different? In many modern Australian restaurants you can expect to come across such things as pasta dishes made with Asian vegetables and spices，Mediterranean chicken sandwiches seasoned with Indian curry，or even pizzas topped with kangaroo neat and outback bush berries.I tried all of these on my Australia trip—they were delicious！

A Wild Place

Canberra’s orderly design，bounty of amenities and wonderful food all lull visitors into a sense of relaxation and comfort，like sitting down in a plush recliner that agreeably sags more than you anticipated.Nonetheless，the reminders of Australia’s wild side emerge from time to time，in unexpected places.A taxi ride along Canberra’s perfectly manicured boulevards offers glimpses of signposts to places with strange-sounding aboriginal names that end in “ooma” or“bidgee”.During an al fresco meal in a fancy restaurant it’s not uncommon to see and hear a wild cockatiel squawking in a nearby plane tree.

Another glimpse of Canberra’s wild side comes from experiencing the increasingly popular motorcycle tours on offer to tourists.Resident Australians may consider Canberra the dry domain of politicians and lawmakers，but the friendly，leather-clad bikers I met were an entirely different breed of local.There’s definitely something incongruous about a crew of bikers converging on a Hyatt hotel to introduce their city to a bunch of mostly non-tattooed greenhorn riders.And nobody could think Canberra is a boring place after blasting down its main roads on a Harley motorcycle going 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour.

Even the seemingly mundane act of sifting through my pocket change gave me pause to consider.From the coins in the palm of my hand，lyrebirds，echidnas，kangaroos，emus and a platypus stared back at me.How strange and bizarre these animals，this entire wild and remote country，must have seemed to the settlers who immigrated to Australia through the years.Canberra today is the tamed landscape，the civilized heart of what was once considered by snooty Europeans to be the most benighted land on earth.Tourists will find Canberra to be a city of style and flavor，with one foot in the past and the others stepping into tomorrow.

翻译提示

1.游记散文语言作为艺术化的语言，翻译时要避免专业术语的进入，或者只允许最低限度的专业词语的使用。

2.典型的游记类文章有明确的目的地，一般透过旅游告诉我们旅游地的典型特征及风土人情，翻译时要注意句子主语、谓语的重新设置，以及句子行文节奏的从容与顺畅。

3.该文有些段落在大段的写景之后会引出观景感受，那么译者要在作者写景的同时注意感受和思想的追寻，注意表达思想和感受的词语不能做作和空虚，也可与写景相互穿插，但不要一味写景而缺乏观察和感受。描写景物的美丽要借助汉语的典型说法，例如，四字成语（或加以改造）、三字结构与双音节及单音节词语相兼，构成一定的节奏感和审美效果。同时，注意逐渐接近段落的落点，或以设问引而不发，或以直陈生出感叹。总之，结束时要引人回味，不要是读者一览无余。

4.语言本身的魅力是无穷的，在游记的描写中，其运用也无穷尽。各种事物的命名，都要尽量利用他们的名称，尤其是译入语中的名称，以形成有趣的认识线索和情感召唤。所以，纯粹的列举也可算是一种修辞手段。

练习二

Travel Do’s ＆amp； Don’ts

Kathy Passero

♦ This article was published originally in Biography Magazine©2002.A＆amp；E Television Networks.All right reserved.

Don’t give purple flowers in Brazil wave in Greece or give a thumbs-up in Australia. Global travel expert Roger Axtell explains why.

Roger Axtell was congratulating himself on how well his meetings in Saudi Arabia had gone when suddenly his client—a middle-aged businessman who served as his company’s key distributor in the region—reached over and grabbed his hand.“I was shocked，” recalls Axtell.“There I was，walking down the street holding hands with a man in a long，flowing robe.”Axtell struggled to stay calm and resisted the temptation to yank his arm away.His reaction saved the deal he’d just sealed.“I found out later that this was quite common behavior among the older generation of Saudis： the man was actually paying me a compliment.Had I pulled away，he would have been stunned and offended，” says Axtell.

That’s just one of the countless anecdotes—often humorous，something harrowing—that Axtell can rattle off about his 30 years circling the globe as an executive with the Parker Pen Company.A frequent flyer long before the phrase was coined，Axtell has filled notebook after notebook with wry observations about the cultural quirks and idiosyncrasies of different parts of the world： what gifts not to give in Brazil (purple flower； they’re associated with death)，and when giving flowers in Germany，the number of flowers is important (never give even-numbered flowers，Germans think it’s unlucky).The vast store of knowledge accumulated in his notebooks launched him on a second career as a globetrotting etiquette expert—an “international Emily Post”，as The New Yorker dubbed him.Axtell is the author of eight Do’s and Taboos books loaded with advice for world travelers on everything from hand gestures to humor.

I’ll never forget getting off the plane in Buenos Aires and seeing our company manager，an Argentinean，with his arms flung open，” Axtell recalls.“The abrazo—or hug—is very common there，but Americans don’t like to have strangers touch them....I walked forward very stiffly and forgot to turn my head，so we smashed noses.”

The more Axtell explored the gaffes and glitches in international communications，the more he realized how widespread they were.Even the most skilled diplomats fell victim to faux pas.“Richard Nixon went to Brazil in the 1960s and innocently made an “OK” sign，unaware that it’s considered extremely vulgar there.

Axtell credits his nomadic childhood with preparing him for his career.Born in Kenosha，Wisconsin，on May 26，1931，he is the son of a homemaker and a World War I veteran and National Guard member.“In 1940 my dad was called up for active duty when World War II was starting in Europe，” he remembers.“We traveled to various posts and I went to nine grammar schools.I was always the new kid，so I got used to being different.”

“If you want to teach tolerance，send someone overseas，” he says.“As soon as they get off the plane，they’re a minority.It’s a wonderful experience.Being immersed in other cultures teaches you respect and awareness for them.I don’t want to sound Pollyannaish，but I really believe that if the next generation can develop that empathy and sensitivity，it could solve many of the problems the world is facing.”

A short course in travel do’s and don’ts

What’s Roger Axtell’s best tip for avoiding embarrassment and miscommunication abroad?“Do your homework before you travel，” he urges.“Spend a little time reading up on the place you’re going to visit—the customs，the culture，and so on.‘What’s the favorite national sport? What’s the predominant religion?” Here are general guidelines from Axtell on a few countries.

England

● If you rent a car，familiarize yourself with British automotive terms，just in case you have car trouble.For example，the hood is the bonnet； the trunk is the boot.

● Learn the difference between England，Great Britain (England，Scotland，Wales)，and the United Kingdom (England，Scotland，Wales and Northern Ireland) and use the correct reference.

Greece

● The popular American hand gesture of making a circle with the thumb and forefinger to signify “OK” is considered vulgar (the same holds true for Brazil，Germany and Russia).

● Waving is an insult； the closer your hand is to someone’s face，the greater the offense.

Italy

● It is generally deemed rude to bring diners a restaurant bill unless requested，so flag down a waiter when you want the check (the same holds true for most of Western Europe).

● Punctuality is not an important virtue.So don’t be upset if friends or business colleagues arrive later than the scheduled time (this also applies to most of southern Europe and Latin America).

Australia

● Be careful when you do the “V” for victory’s sign with your index and middle fingers.Make sure your palms face out.If they face in，that’s considered extremely rude.

● Do not give the thumbs-up sign.It is considered an insult.