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词条内例证的功能例示

时间:2022-04-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:9.1.4 词条内例证的功能例示例1.suspect adj.2: having the nature or status of a suspicious person or thing: provocative or worthy of suspicion: SUSPICIOUS〈hold one~until his innocence is proved.〉,〈treat all innovations as~.—A.T.Quiller-Couch〉,〈he has been~to many members of his own party.—Time〉—W3该词条中的第一个例证是编者自撰例,给出了单词最常见的字面用法:和法律犯罪有关。在这个词条里,编纂者提供了足够多的例证来解释“afraid”这个形容词的不同意义及其搭配。

9.1.4 词条内例证的功能例示

例1.

suspect adj.2: having the nature or status of a suspicious person or thing: provocative or worthy of suspicion: SUSPICIOUS〈hold one~until his innocence is proved.〉,〈treat all innovations as~.—A.T.Quiller-Couch〉,〈he has been~to many members of his own party.—Time〉

—W3

该词条中的第一个例证是编者自撰例,给出了单词最常见的字面用法:和法律犯罪有关。第二个例证指出suspect并不仅限于人,还能用于抽象事物(innovations等)。第三个例证指出该词用于人,可以通过隐喻方式表明被怀疑的人是不可信任的或靠不住的(道德上)。在词语搭配上也有不同:第一个例证中的“suspect”和第三个例证中的“suspect”后面分别跟着“until”从句和不定式短语。通过阅读例证还表明,一个人既可以“held suspect”也可以“treated as suspect”。此外,其中的一个例证是取自英国英语(A.T.Quiller Couch,英国著名文学家、教授和记者),另外一个取自美国英语(Time为美国著名刊物名)。这样的考虑并不是偶然的,证明词典编纂者非常看重例证的功能,他们是想利用不同的例证来传达尽可能多的信息。

例2.

afraid adj.[pred]1.(a) frightened: don't be afraid.There's nothing to be afraid of.Are you afraid of snakes? He's afraid of going out/to go out alone at night.Don't be afraid(i.e.,Don't hesitate) to ask for help if you need it.(b) worried or anxious about(the possible result of sth.): I didn't mention it because I was afraid of losing customers/( that) hemight lose customers.(c) frightened or worried about things that may put sth/sb in danger: parents are afraid for(the safety of) their children.

—OALD4

这是EFL词典中用来解释一个普通的英语单词的典型词条。在这个词条里,编纂者提供了足够多的例证(多于10个)来解释“afraid”这个形容词的不同意义及其搭配。从这些例证我们至少可以获得以下的启示:

1)当“afraid”的意思是“frightened”(恐惧)时,通常的搭配是“afraid of+ a noun(animate or inanimate)”,“afraid of+ a v-ing phrase”,“afraid+ a to-infinitive”;

2)当“afraid”的意思是“worried or anxious about”(为……担心,担忧)时,通常的搭配是“afraid of doing sth”,“afraid+ that-clause(通常省去that连词)”;

3)当“afraid”后面跟着for—短语时,其意思是“frightened or worried about”(因为……恐惧或担心),这时所恐惧或担心的东西必须是一个名词,并且它正处于危险的境地。

例3.

verdict n.1.decision of jury on issue of fact in civil or criminal case(brought in a verdict of not guilty,a verdict for the plaintiff)

2.decision,judgement(the verdict of the public was in his favour; does not dispute your verdict)

—COD7

这个词条中的例证能够说明语境特征是如何决定或者影响单词意义的。头两个例证有助于确定或影响词义——法律案件中陪审团的(无罪)裁断、裁决(因为使用了“of not guilty”,“for the plaintiff”)。而后两个例证则创设了一种语境,说明“verdict”一词可以指普通事件中由公众做出的决定或者裁决。

例4.

commence v.fml or pomp to begin; start; If everyone has arrived,the meeting may now commence./We may now commence the meeting.Having said he would not makea long speech,he commenced to do/ commenced doing exactly that.

—LDOCE2

该词条的前两个例证被认为是主席正式地或卖弄权威地宣布会议开始。最后一个例证因为用了“having said”,说明也是用的正式英语,因此该用“commence”而不用“begin”或“start”。通过这些例证我们可以看出:有些时候,一个词条或者一个用法基本上和特定的文体密不可分。这样,例证便成了一种可以辨别某种特定文体的途径。

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