名词的转译法

名词的转译法

邓曼娜

（西南科技大学外语学院　四川绵阳　621010）

摘要：变通手段是方法论研究的重心，特别是汉英双译转换而言。在翻译中变通手段非常多，任何在翻译中所包含的意义转换的途径都可以作为方法论的变通手段。在英译汉过程中转换是翻译中使用很广泛的变通手段。在一般情况下，转换是获得语义灵活对应的必不可少的应变对策，也是一种极为重要的词法——句法变通手段。本文笔者简要谈及了名词与动词的转换，即名词转译法。

关键词：变通手段；名词；转译；动词

变通手段是方法论研究的重心。特别是就汉英双语转换而言。在翻译中有各种变通手段，为了达到理想的翻译效果，任何在翻译中所包含的意义转换的途径都可以作为方法论的变通手段。转换是翻译中用得很广的变通手段，是获得语义灵活对应的必不可少的对策。其中词性转换既是一种译词法，又是一种句法变通的手段。本文着重谈谈名词与动词之间的转换。

英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词结构连用。例如在“He admires the president’s stated decision to fight for the job”（他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩）中，英语的谓语动词只有一个admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）动词派生词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和前置词（for）等。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此英语中不少词类，尤其是名词、前置词、形容词、副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词，下面简要谈谈名词转译成动词。

一、由动词派生的名词转译成动词

由动词派生的名词茂盛。在以—ion，—tion，—ment，—ance，—ence，—al，—are等词缀法结尾的抽象名词可以转译成动词，这些词在政论、科技文体中出现比较多。如：

1．one after another，speaks called for the downfall of imperialism，abolition of exploitation of man by man，liberation of the oppressed of the world．发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。

2．Until 1972，all effort by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had foundered on one point：U.S．insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal．到1972年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而前苏联则拒绝这样做。

3．1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist．1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。

4．Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe．火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

5．Ignorance of the low excuses no man from practicing．任何人也不能以不知法为借口，不受法律制裁。

6．When the circuit is closed，the battery sets these electrons in motion through the wires．当电路接通时，电池使电子通过导线运动。

7．Elasticity is that property of a body which enable it for resist deformation and to recover after removal of the decorating force．弹性是物体抵抗变形并在除去变形力之后能够复原的一种性能。

8．Columbus discovery of America in 1492 has made his name known to almost everyone throughout the world．哥伦布1492年发现了美洲大陆，这使他的名字全世界家喻户晓。

9．Whilst her appearance was an utter failure as her husband felt with a sort a rage，Mrs．Raw don Crawley’s debut was，on the contrary，very brilliant．She arrived very late．Her face was radiant；her dress perfection．她进场时简直没人理会，她丈夫因此不惬意。罗登太太就不是这样，一露面就与众不同。她到得很晚，脸上光艳照人，浑身上下穿戴无懈可击。

10．I don’t appreciate his interference in my affairs．我不喜欢他干涉我的事情。

二、含有动作意味的名词（在记述、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词

1．The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing．看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。

2．As the week drew to a close，the enemy rout was complete．一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。

3．A glance though his office window offers panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial．从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。

4．As I taxied over the muddy steel matting of the runway，I got a wave and a grin from my wingman Lt．Rex Barber．当我驾驶着飞机在泥泞的钢垫跑道上滑行时，我的僚机驾驶员雷克斯、巴伯中尉向我边笑边挥手。

5．As you preview the material，you got some idea of the content and how it is organized．在预习材料时，你就大致了解了它的内容及其结构。

6．Out of Jefferson’s tremendous energy came inventions，books，new ideas and new starts in every field of human endeavor．杰斐逊精力极其充沛，他创造发明，著书立说，阐发新思想，并在人类努力从事的各个领域中有所开创。

7．He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions．在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。

8．He seems to have too much mouth and too little ear．他似乎自己讲得太多，听人意见太少。

9．I fell upon the steps and broke into tears．我扑倒在台阶上，哇地失声痛哭起来。

10．Various fruit are on sale there．那里出售各种各样的水果。

三、所缀—er的名词转译成动词

英语中有些加—er，—ian等后缀的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在译语中没有恰当对应的名词时，往往可以译成动词。

1．I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming．I think mg little brother is a better teacher than I．我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

2．Talking with his son，the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings．在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。

3．Although he was always the“background” briefer on foreign policy issues，he could never be identified as anything other than “a white house official” or” a high administration source”．虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士。”

4．Some of my class-mates are good singers．我同班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。

5．Mr．Lawson is more of a politician than most people．罗森先生比大多数人更善于耍政治手腕。

6．Electric power become the servant of man only after the motor was invented．电动机发明之后，电才开始造福于人类。

7．Wolves are hunters in packs．狼是成群猎食的。

8．He is a good player at chess．他很会下棋。

9．He used to be a gambler on horse races．他以前常买跑马票进行赌博。

10．He is a constant believer in materialism．他坚信唯物主义。

四、习语主体名词转译或动词

在英语中有大量的习语。作为习语主体的名词可译成动词。如：To have a rest 和To have a good look at 的rest和look.

1．They look a finial look at I ran Mike，still intact in the darkness．他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

2．The next news bulletin，shorten than usual，bade no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。

3．A great cloud rose from the ground and followed the trail of the great sun．At first it was a giant column，which soon took the shape of a superabundance mushroom．For a fleeting instant it tool the form of the statue of liberty magnified many times．一朵庞大的烟云随着一轮巨日从地面升起。它起初是个巨大的圆柱，很快形成了凌云驾空的大蘑菇，一瞬间又变成了一座扩大了许多倍的自由神像。

4．We should take care of the state property．我们应当爱护国家财产。

5．Make good use of your time in class．充分利用课堂上的时间。

6．Freed from TV，forced to find their own activities，they might take a ride together to watch the sunset．如果他们挣脱开电视机的束缚而不得不另寻自己的活动，他们也许会合家驱车去看日落。

7．Or they might take a walk together and see the neighborhood with flesh new egos．或者也许会全家一起去散步，用新奇的目光观察住处周围的地区。

8．After an hour or two I caught（had/got a）sight of a man riding a pong down the street．一两个钟头以后，我突然看见有人骑着一匹小马从街那头过来了。

9．let’s stop and take a rest．我们停下来歇会儿吧。

10．He has a taste for folk songs．他喜欢民歌。

笔者在本文中简要谈到了英译汉的变通手段——转换，即名词转译成动词。其中四种情况下名词可以转译成动词；①由动词派生的名词可转译成动词；②会有动作意味的名词转译成动词；③后缀—er的名词可转译成动词；④习语主体名词可转译成动词。在翻译实践中，为了使语义灵活对应，我们还可以利用其他变通手段来到达我们的目的。

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Abstract：Changing means is a center in study of methodology，especially as far as Chinese—English translation is concerned．There are many changing means in translation and any ways of changing meaning in translation can be used as changing means of methodology．In the course of translation English into Chinese，conversion is a changing means widely used in translation．Generally．Conversion is a necessary counter measure for gaining corresponding flexible meaning and it is also a very important changing means in morphology-syntax．In the article the author talks about the conversion between noun and verb．That is retranslation of noun.

Key words：changing means；noun； re-translation；verb.