第五章 商务英语被动句式翻译
英语和汉语都有被动语态，但两种文字对被动语态的运用却不尽相同。同一个意思，英语习惯用被动语态表达，而汉语却往往要用主动语态。例如：
（1）We are kept strong and healthy by clean air. 如果这句话译成“我们被清洁的空气保持得健壮”，这显然不符合汉语习惯；如果译成“洁净的空气使我们身体健康”，则符合汉语习惯。再比如：
（2）In an adversary spots are soon seen. 对手的缺点最容易发现。
（3）Where can you be reached? 在什么地方可以找到您？
（4）When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试？
（5）Attention has been paid to the special way of handling the trade dispute.
处理这次贸易争端的特殊方式引起了关注。
比较而言，英语的被动句多于汉语，其原因比较简单。英语有表示“主语和谓语动词之间处于被动关系的固定格式”，即主语+be+动词的过去分词。这种格式非常稳定，非常明确。如果说话者要指出施动者，则只需在该结构后面加上by引导的短语。
英语中被动语态之所以使用得多，主要是因为英文考虑的重点是事情，而汉语考虑的重点则是动作的发出者。汉语是一种在形式上呈弱势的语言。我们固然有“被”字可用来表示被动，但是在更多情况下我们并不执着于主语与谓语之间究竟有什么关系。因而一般使用主动形式。比如，我们时常说：“人不可貌相，海水不可斗量”，但我们从来不说“人不可被貌相，海水不可被斗量”，因为我们知道动作的执行者是人。如果按字面直译成英文，则是As a person cannot be judged by his appearance, so can the sea not be measured with a bushel。说汉语的人自古以来有一种思维方式，认为成事者必在人，所以主语常常以人来表示，如果动作执行者清楚的话，有时则可以省去主语，比如：“来了吗？”
被动语态在英语中的使用非常广泛，尤其在科技和商务英语文体中更为普遍，因此在翻译成汉语时，往往要处理成符合汉语习惯的主动句，但少数仍旧保持被动语态。一般的翻译方法有三种：一、译成汉语的主动式，二、译成汉语的被动式，三译成汉语的特殊结构。
一、译成汉语的主动式
1. 保留原文中的主语
在将被动语态翻译成汉语时，有时可以将原文中的主语仍旧译作汉语的主语，即采取“受事者+动词”：例如：
（6）News of the merger was passed on by word of mouth.
众口相传，有关合并的消息不胫而走。
（7）Visitors are requested to come by appointment. 来访者请提前预约。
（8）On such a basis has the question of restructuring the company been raised.
公司重组的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。
（9）On their domestic stations, the trade issues were dismissed briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，贸易问题只是轻描淡写地报导了一下。
（10）The president was offered some support from his board of directors.
董事长得到了董事会的一些支持。
（11）He was told that he failed in the job interview. 他得知自己面试没有通过。
2. 将原文中的主语转译成宾语，增译主语
有时可以将原文中的主语翻译成宾语。如果原句中没有施动者，在必要的情况下，还可以在译文中加上相应的主语，比如：“人们，有人，大家，我们，众人”等含有泛指性的词语做主语。例如：
（12）An MBA degree is considered to be one of the important requirements for the corporate position. 人们认为MBA学历是担任公司这一职位的条件之一。
（13）Introductions were made before the managing director gave his speech.
总裁讲话之前，大家互相进行了介绍。
（14）With the development of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.
随着现代化电气工程的发展，人们能把电力输送到任何有需要的地方。
3. 将原文中的地点状语转译成主语
（15）The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
中国在四千年前发明了指南针。
（16）Spring Festival is celebrated in China as well as some other Asian countries.
中国和亚洲其他几个国家过春节。
（17）Trade relationship has been established between China and the United States.
中美贸易关系已经建立。
（18）Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world. 全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。
4. 把施动者译成主语
（19）Less paper work is required than in the past by the modern banking industry.
现代银行业需要的纸张作业比过去少。
（20）A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.
电子技术提供了一种新的时间显示方法。
（21）This conclusion is hardly justified by the results.
结果很难证明这个结论是正确的。
5. 译成无主句
有时英语中使用的被动句因某种原因不体现施事者，但是句子里又不能没有主语，于是就用受事者做主语。汉语不存在这个问题，因为汉语里可以没有主语。所以在翻译这样的句子时，往往把原文中的“受事者+动词”的顺序颠倒过来，变成“动词+受事者”，将原文处理成为汉语的无主句，改被动为主动。例如：
（22）Many means of conducting business transaction have been developed since the last decades of the twentieth century, one of which is the E-commerce.
二十世纪后几十年以来产生了许多交易方式，其中一种是电子商务。
（23）Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.
（24）In no way can the contract be put an immediate end to. 无法立即终止合同。
6. 主语和谓语合译
英语中有些成语动词含有名词，变成被动语态时可将该名词与所搭配的动词合译成谓语，整句翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：
（25）Use is made of an automatic transfer of fund. 利用了资金自动转账。
（26）Care should be taken at all times to protect office instruments from dust and damp.
应当始终注意保护办公设备一尘不染，不受潮湿。
（27）Emphasis must be laid on the upgrading of product. 必须强调产品的升级换代。
7. 译成带表语的主动句
有时英语的句子中所要着重表示的不是受到了某个动作本身，而是与这个动作有关的一些具体情况，比如时间、地点、方式、方法等，也就是说，句子强调的是行动的静态，而不是动态。我们在翻译时可以把这种句式放入“受事者—是—施事者—动词的”框架中。例如：
（28）The decision of acquisition and merger is not taken lightly by the management.
并购的决定不是管理层轻易做出的。
（29）Negotiating an end to the trade war was first formally raised at the ministerial conference on June 22, 1995.
通过谈判结束贸易战，这是在1995年6月22日的部长会议中首次正式提出来的。
8. 以it为形式主语的被动句的翻译
有些以it为形式主语的英语被动式句子，在翻译成汉语的时候常要改变成主动形式。译文有时不用加主语，有时则需要加入一些不确定的主语，比如：“大家、有人、人们、我们”等，或者将其处理成独立句。例如：
（30）It should be said that the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has had little impact on Chinese economy. 应该说，东南亚金融危机对中国经济影响不大。
（31）It must be pointed out that some questions have yet to be further clarified.
必须指出，有些问题尚需进一步澄清。
（32）It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious but unavoidable process known as waiting.
据估计，美国人一生中在乏味而无法躲避的等待上所花的时间竟达五年之多。
（33）It is believed that more and more people in China will be moving out of the city to live in the country. 人们相信，越来越多的中国人将离开城市到郊区居住。
（34）It is hoped that you will be back after you complete your Ph. D. in the USA.
希望你在美国读完博士后回来。
这一类表达形式包括：
①不加主语
It may be safely said that…可以有把握地说……
It can be clearly seen that…可以清楚地看到……
It should be noted that…应该指出……
It can be foreseen that…可以预料……
It was so decided that…就此决定……
It was made beyond any doubt that…毫无疑问……
It has been proved that…已经证明……
It will be seen from this that…由此可见……
It must be stressed that…必须强调……
It has been calculated that…据计算……
It is hoped that…希望……
It must be realized that...必须认识到……
It can not be denied that...不可否认……
It has been found that...已经发现……；实践证明……
It must be kept in mind that...必须牢记……
②可以加主语，译成“人们，有人，我们，大家”等
It is asserted that…有人主张……
It is believed that …有人相信……
It is generally considered that…人们普遍认为……
It is well known that…大家知道；众所周知
It will be said that…有人会说……
It was told that…有人曾经说……
It is felt that…人们感到……
It is understood that…人们明白……
It is objected that...有人反对……
It is claimed that...有人声称……
It is generally accepted that...大家公认……
It is alleged that...有人断言……
二、译成汉语的被动式
现代汉语中也有用被动形式来表达的情况，所以根据具体情况也可以把英语的被动句式翻译成汉语的被动句式，有时也可以借用汉语的某些结构，即“受事者——被施事者——动词”。例如：
1. 当句中不出现行为主体时，有时使用“被……”、“给……”表示被动意义。例如：
（35）If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.
如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。
（36）He was fired for incompetence at the end of the month.
月底，他因自己无能而给解雇了。
（37）The company was enjoined from using false advertising.
这家公司被禁止使用虚假广告。
2. 译为“遭受、遭到、受到、得到、受、挨、叫”
（38）In the last few years the region was hit by severe financial crisis.
过去几年这个地区遭受了严重的金融危机。
（39）The Chinese engineers who worked in the Philippines were kidnapped by some terrorists. 在菲律宾工作的中国工程师遭到了恐怖分子的绑架。
（40）Our foreign trade policy is supported by the people in African countries.
我们的外贸政策得到非洲国家人民的支持。
（41）There is no possibility that human beings will be controlled by computers.
人类受计算机控制的可能性并不存在。
（42）With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than ever before.
有了计算机，今天科学家们的思想就可以比以往任何时候都更快捷地得到研究、检验、传播及应用。
（43）Most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straight forward processes over and over again.
大部分数学题只需通过十分机械地不断重复某种简单的过程就能得到解决。
3.“为……所”
（44）This new theory has now been adopted by many scientists who are searching for life in outer space.
这一新理论现在已为许多寻找外层空间生命的科学家所接受。
（45）Such misconduct as fraud will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency.
（46）In his late thirties, he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career. 近四十岁时，由于事业挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。
三、译成汉语的特殊结构
1. 译成汉语的“把……”或“将……”字结构，即“施事者——把——受事者——动词——补语”。例如：
（47）Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, nonstick, and yet elastic.
一个叫Goodyear的美国人多年来一直在努力寻找一种把橡胶做得坚硬而不粘且富有弹性的方法。
（48）He was soon surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.
一群人很快把他围住，向他提出一个又一个问题。
（49）Nationalized in 1951 by a Labor government, the British steel industry was denationalized by the Conservatives in 1953, and then renationalized by Labor in 1967. 1951年，工党政府把英国钢铁工业收为国有。1953年，保守党政府把它退归私营。1967年工党政府又把它国有化。
（50）If a computer can be made complex enough, it can be as creative as human beings.
如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话，那么电脑就能像人一样富有创造力。
2. 译成汉语的“是由……的”、“是让……的”、“是给……的”等结构。例如：
（51）Most letters from his clients are read to him by the secretary.
客户给他写的信，大多数是由秘书念给他听的。
（52）The three machines are controlled by a single operator.
这三台机器是由一个人操纵的。
（53）Like the Los Angeles Olympics, Mexico’s World Cup is funded by private businesses. 同洛杉矶奥运会一样，墨西哥世界杯大赛也是由私企出钱赞助的。
（54）Approximately 30% of the food consumed in the world today is produced by horticulturists. 当今，全世界消费的食品中，30%是由园艺师生产的。
3. 译成汉语的“予以”、“加以”等结构。例如：
（55）Problem of overstaffing should be resolved in good time.
人员过剩问题应该及时加以解决。
（56）The application of e-ticketing should be paid enough attention to.
电子票的应用应予以足够高的重视。
（57）Trade deficits can be controlled if proper measures are taken.
如果采取适当手段，贸易逆差是能够加以控制的。
（58）The corporate financial affairs will be examined by a special committee.
公司财务将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
（59）It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.
这件事情必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。
4. 译成汉语的“用……”、“拿……”、“靠……”等结构。例如：
（60）In our day, fish are caught in the sea and brought to us by rail and lorry.
在我们的时代，鱼是在海中捕到的，并且是用火车和卡车运来的。
（61）Boats are moved by oars or by wind, and ships by paddle-wheels or screws.
帆船是靠桨或风推进的，而轮船是靠叶轮或螺旋桨推进的。
四、英语不表示施动关系的by的翻译
英语介词by后面所跟成分如果表示没有生命的事物，有时不是一般意义上的施动者，而是表示一个原因，可以翻译成“因为，由于，因此”等。例如：
（62）Optimism was tempered by the realization that oil prices would rise again at any time.由于知道油价随时都可能再次上涨，人们的乐观情绪被冲淡了。
（63）Hopes of renewed cooperation with Iran in the near future were dashed by signs that the hostage crisis in Teheran, which started November 4, might drag into the summer.
近期内与伊朗恢复合作关系的希望破灭了，因为11月4日开始的德黑兰人质危机可能拖到明年夏天才能解决。
五、英语中表示被动意义的名词性短语
名词性短语一般是指由修饰语和中心词构成的名词性主从结构，这类短语容易产生歧义，有时表示主动，有时从逻辑上来看它们表示一般的被动句式所具有的被动意义，中心词和修饰语之间实际上是动作和动作对象之间的关系。它的结构有两种：
① 所有格或物主代词+动作名词
② 动作名词+介词+名词或人称代词宾格
在这样的结构中，动作名词为中心词，表示所施加的动作，所有格或介词宾语表示受动者。例如：
（64）He resented the boss’ dismissal. 他对老板开除自己耿耿于怀。（主动）
（65）His dismissal by the boss caused great anger in him.
他被老板炒了鱿鱼，非常生气。（被动）
（66）His assistance was required. 要求他给予协助。（主动）
（67）We must come to his assistance. 我们必须协助他。（被动）
（68）He asked the boss for his promotion. 他要求上司给自己提升。（被动）
（69）The board of directors ruled against the purchase of the equipment.
董事会裁决反对购买这批设备。（被动）
（70）The two salesmen were talking about their treatment in the company.
这两个推销员在谈论公司给自己的待遇。（被动）
（71）The government has banned the clinical application of the drug.
政府禁止这种药物的临床应用。（被动）
（72）His criticism of the economic situation caused a great stir.
他对经济形势的批评引起了极大的轰动。（主动）
（73）The book’s publication was greeted with piracy.
这本书一经出版就遭到盗版。（被动）
（74）The defendant filed a lawsuit against the judge’s conviction.
被告对法官的定罪提出诉讼。（主动）
（75）The defendant filed a lawsuit against his conviction.
被告对自己所被定的罪提出了诉讼。（被动）
练 习
一、请将下列句子译成中文
1. A lot of people don’t agree with the way the questions are worded.
2. They are allowed to take some courses and then they are judged on basis of their performance in the courses.
3. Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
4. The differences between the two sides have been ironed out.
5. In the US, one Supreme Court decision can only be overturned by another Supreme Court decision.
6. What we say here will not be long remembered.
7. Peter was robbed by him to pay Paul.
8. Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.
9. Attention has been paid to the government’s new measures.
10. Large quantities of fishes are directly canned on board the fishing ship.
11. It is well known that gunpowder is one of the four inventions of the ancient Chinese people.
12. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
13. She was greatly respected by everyone.
14. It is necessary that the meeting be postponed till next week.
15. Approximately 90% of SONY’s product is produced by overseas employees.
16. The thrust force of an airplane is generated by the propeller.
17. His frequent absence from class must be dealt with immediately.
18. Tension was not lessened by the knowledge that the two would soon return.
19. She is full of your praise.
20. The arrest of a citizen must be done in accordance with legal procedures.
二、请将下列句子译成英文
1. 经济全球化和贸易自由化迅速发展的时期，中国市场不断向世界开放，中国认真履行了加入WTO时的承诺，关税总水平从2001年的15.3%下降到2005年的9.9%。
2. 近期美国对华贸易保护主义措施却明显增多，使中国产品受到了不公正的待遇，使中国企业对中国加入WTO后的国际贸易环境产生了疑惑。
3. 经过七轮磋商，中美最终就纺织品问题达成了协议。纺织品问题的解决符合中美两国企业的共同利益，有利于推动双边经贸关系的平稳发展。
4. 中国正在成为世界上成长最快的巨大市场。2004年，中国GDP总规模超过1.6万亿美元，人均GDP达到1 200多美元，国内市场销售了2万亿美元以上的生产资料和生活资料。
5. 美国和欧盟的有关经济学家多次指出，中国的市场在发展中国家和转型经济国家中是最开放的。随着中国经济的发展，中国进口增长迅速。
6. 2003年10月，温家宝总理访美，同布什总统就处理中美经贸关系达成了五项共识。中美商贸联委会是促进中美经贸合作，维护双边经贸关系健康发展的重要机制。
7. 五十多年来，我们十分重视同非洲国家间的经贸关系，与非洲53个国家和地区建立了经贸联系。2000—2004年中非贸易平均增长率达到38%，中非贸易趋于平衡。
8. 中国对从非洲最不发达国家进口的部分商品实施的免关税待遇，有力地促进了非洲国家向中国的出口。同时，中国政府将继续和非洲国家一道为争取更加公平合理的国际贸易环境而努力。
9. 中国政府一直积极鼓励有实力的和有信誉的中国企业到其他发展中国家开展务实合作，投资兴业，实现互利双赢。
10. 近几年，美国出口增长最快的市场在中国，2001年中国为美国第9大出口市场，2004年已成长为美第5大出口市场，今年1至8月，美国对华出口额首次超过英国，中国成为美国第4大出口市场。
三、请将下面段落译成中文
The cashless society is tightening its grip on consumers, changing the way we tip at restaurants, pay for taxi fares, even how we donate at our front door.
Across America and the world, customers are finding that more and more electronic means of processing our cash are taking the place of the normal banknotes that have changed hands over the centuries.
A colleague eating out in a restaurant recently came across a new phenomenon in the electronic banking era. When it came to settling the restaurant bill, he was offered the opportunity to pay by eftpos. The phenomenal growth of eftpos is due to the convenience for banks and customers.
The sum of money to be paid is entered into a small electronic keypad, looking like a calculator. The customers swipes his or her own electronic card, enters a private number which belongs to the customer alone, and hey presto!—as the magicians used to say—the money has been transferred from the customer’s bank account in some other part of the city or country, directly to the bank account of the restaurant.
Eftpos is undoubtedly convenient for the customer, but it also has a number of advantages for businesses. Payment for the goods and services is instant, and there is an opportunity for businesses which would normally carry large volumes of cash to offer a cash withdrawal service.
Most retailers offering a cash-out eftpos service do not charge customers.
Restaurateurs in America ever mindful of the opportunity for a tip are even a step ahead of the customers. When a restaurant diner punches in the account details and private card number, a third function on the eftpos terminal now asks whether the customer wants to add a tip for the service.
As more Westerners grasp the concept of electronic banking, the opportunities for consumers to directly debit money from an account at the touch of a keypad are expected to increase. On the international stage, many countries are moving at a fast pace into the cashless society, with electronic machines that allow you to pay at the push of a button.
In 1996, there was one eftpos terminal for every 694 persons in the United States (more than 370 000 terminals in total), one per 4 413 in Japan.
One of the latest developments in electronic banking has been the use of mobile eftpos terminals.
Collectors going from door to door, seeking donations for worthy causes such as the Red Cross and other charities, have trailed mobile eftpos machines to give cashless donors another option. Instead of handing over banknotes at the door, the householder can swipe their card through the portable machine, enter their personal number, and the donation they want to give is transferred automatically from their bank account to the bank account of the charity.
Taxi companies also use mobile eftpos terminals, which are powered by car batteries and transfer the information between the bank accounts via cellular telephone links.
The one warning bankers give about the use of eftpos is to be careful with the magnetic encoded strip on the eftpos cards. Keep them away from magnetic fields, which could deactivate the card’s magnetic strip, the bankers warn. Among the worst offenders are the magnetic clasps on fashionable women’s purses, which counteract the magnetic information on the eftpos cards, making them useless.（资料来源：《英语世界》2000年第6期）
词语注解
The cashless society is tightening its grip on consumers：无现金的社会对消费者发挥着越来越显著的影响
eftpos：（electronic funds transfer at the point of sale）销售处资金电子过户
electronic means of processing cash：电子现金处理方式
change hands：易手，换主人
offer a cash-out eftpos service：提供eftpos结算方式
grasp the concept electronic banking：接受或掌握电子银行的观念
directly debit money from an account at the touch of a keyboard：按一下键盘，便可把钱从一个账户上直接记到对方账户
deactivate：使……无效
eat out：去饭店就餐，到外边吃饭
when it came to settling the restaurant bill：在饭店付账时
enter into a small electronic keyboard：输入一个小型电子键盘
swipe an electronic card：插入电子卡
hey presto：（魔术师用语）您看，变！
cash withdrawal service：现金支取服务
be mindful of：在意
punch in account details：输入账户细目
pay at the push of a button：按键的瞬间便可完成付费
magnetic encoded strip：磁条码
the worst offenders：最可怕的敌人
counteract the magnetic information：消掉磁卡信息
四、请将下面段落译成英文
互利双赢是中美经贸合作的显著特征。中美两国经济具有很强的互补性，加强双边经贸合作，有利于两国经济发展，可以为两国人民带来实实在在的好处。长期以来，中国向美国出口商品，既促进了中国的发展，也满足了美国市场的需要，还节省了美国民众的开支。一份报告显示，过去十年，中国质优价廉的产品使美国消费者节省了6 000多亿美元，2004年就节省了近1 000亿美元。仅童装一项，1998年至2003年，美国年轻父母因购买中国货而节省了4亿美元。同时，美国公司还在与中国的贸易中，赚取了可观的利润，2004年就达到600亿美元，并为美国创造了400至800万个工作岗位。另一方面，中国从美国的进口也为双方带来了明显的利益。中国每年从美国进口大量小麦、大豆、柑橘等农产品和飞机、化肥、机电设备等，既为美国经济发展和解决就业提供了有力支撑，也满足了中国生产生活所需。美国企业在华投资也回报丰厚。美国在华投资涉及工业制造、电信、银行、保险、运输、科技、服装、农业、餐饮等众多领域。据中方统计，2004年美国在华投资企业在中国市场销售了750亿美元商品，另有同等规模的商品出口到中国以外的市场。
最近，中国美国商会发表了《美国企业在中国》白皮书。对会员企业的调查显示，93%的企业认为，中国的经济改革改善了美国公司的商业环境，92%的企业表示他们在中国的商业前景至少五年内是乐观的或谨慎乐观的，86%的企业收益提高，68%的企业盈利或盈利很高，42%的企业在中国的利润率高于全球利润率。白皮书认为，美国企业对中国的商业环境具有强烈的信心，并渴望通过建设性对话解决商业问题。这充分说明美国对华投资不仅促进了中国经济的发展，也为美国企业提供了空前的机遇。
经过20多年的努力，中美两国在贸易、投资、金融等领域平等互利的交流与合作达到了相当高的水平。由于双边贸易发展快，规模大，中美两国贸易中出现一些问题和摩擦是正常的，其中既有我方关注的纺织品贸易、出口管制、市场经济地位等问题，也有美方关注的贸易逆差、知识产权保护、农产品检验检疫等问题。对待这些问题，我们认为，双方都要有高瞻远瞩的战略眼光，从中美经贸发展大局出发，通过平等磋商和扩大合作加以解决。
中美贸易不平衡问题。中美贸易中，美方确实存在逆差。造成美方逆差的原因很多、也很复杂，主要是贸易结构、贸易转移的问题，以及统计方式不同和美国对华出口管制的问题。近年来，美国对华贸易逆差的增长很大程度上是因为美国对日本、韩国、东南亚的贸易逆差转移到了中国，是国际产业分工调整的结果。美国进口产品的90%是已不在本土生产的产品，这种供求关系决定了美国即使不从中国进口，也要从其他地方进口。过去美国通过货物贸易直接向中国出口产品，现在是既通过逐年增长的对华出口，也通过在华投资生产并内销、不断提高在中国市场的份额，而这些不能直接在贸易数字上体现出来。中方一直重视解决中美贸易不平衡问题，多年来以最大诚意做出了极大努力。2004年中国从全球进口的农产品为280亿美元，其中从美国进口77亿美元，远远高于从欧盟进口的15亿美元。近年中国曾多次派出赴美经贸促进团组增加从美国进口。扩大美国对华出口，单靠中方努力还不够，美方也要拿出诚意和实际行动。美国高新技术产业发达，其中许多产品都是中国经济发展所需要的，但是由于美国长期实行出口管制，造成美高技术企业失去了大量对华出口机会，使中国只能从其他市场进口。比如2004年，中国从欧盟进口技术55亿美元，增长63.3%，而从美国进口技术29亿美元，下降10.6%。美国拒绝批准向中国出口核电技术设备和卫星等高科技产品，导致美国至少丧失了250亿美元的对华出口。如果美国政府放宽对华出口管制，就可有效促进对华出口，推动中美经贸合作上一个台阶。（资料来源：商务部网站）
词语注解
互利双赢：mutual benefits and win-win
有利于两国经济发展：conducive to the development of the two economies
摩根斯坦利的报告显示：A report from Morgan Stanley shows that
同等规模的商品出口到中国以外的市场：export a similar worth of products to third markets or markets outside China
谨慎乐观：cautiously optimistic
空前的机遇：unprecedented opportunities
出口管制：export control
农产品检验检疫：agricultural product inspection and quarantine; farm goods inspection and quarantine
从中美经贸发展大局出发：from the overall situation of the economic and trade development of both China and the United States
贸易结构、贸易转移的问题，以及统计方式不同：trade structure, trade diversion, statistical differences
本土生产的：domestically produced
在华投资生产并内销：invest, produce and sell within China
拿出诚意和实际行动：with sincerity and concrete steps
很强的互补性：strong complementarity
带来实实在在的好处：deliver tangible benefits to
质优价廉的产品：high-quality and low-cost products
赚取可观的利润：make sizable profits
发表了《美国企业在中国》白皮书：release or issue a White Paper entitled “US Companies in China”
通过建设性对话解决商业问题：solve business issues through constructive dialogues
贸易逆差：trade deficit; unfavorable balance of trade
高瞻远瞩的战略眼光：with great foresight and a strategic vision
通过平等磋商和扩大合作：through consultation and intensified cooperation on an equal footing
美国对华出口管制：US export control against China
国际产业分工调整：new pattern in the division of global industry
供求关系：supply and demand relationship
赴美经贸促进团组：trade promotion missions to the US
核电技术设备：nuclear-power technology and equipment
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