阅读理解整体解题思路

第五节　阅读理解整体解题思路

一、解题方法

答题时，一般要先审阅短文后面的题目，然后阅读短文，这样可以有的放矢地寻找解题的信息，与解题无关的信息便可很快掠过，以节省时间。常用的解题方法有5种:

1．优先法:对4个选择项中的一项有把握时，就马上选定，无须再去考虑其他干扰项。

2．排除法:在不能马上确定一个正确答案时，可根据已知信息，逐一排除不正确选择项，剩下的即是答案。

3．对应法:在4个选择项中，正确的一项往往是用不同的词、短语或句子来表达与文章中相似的意思，所以能在文章中找到相应的词、短语或句子，便可断定该项为正确答案。

4．推测法:根据所获信息，以及上下文、同义词、反义词等进行推测。

5．反正法:从正面来证明反面，或从反面来证明正面。

二、解题技巧

首先，要扫描题干，划出题干中的特殊要求，也就是题干中的陷阱。

所谓陷阱也就是对正确答案的特殊要求，其实很多情况下，考生做题往往是忽视了题干与选项的整体感，只是在看选项本身的特殊的要求，而忽视了选项与题干完整的逻辑整体。多数选项表面看保留了原文的关键词或者与原文完全是相同的，但是之所以从这么多与文章接近的选项中选一个，是因为我们选一个最满足题干的。比如说这个题问的是主要原因，可能有个选项与文章一模一样，但之所以不选是因为它是次要原因。再比如说这个题问的是作者的观点，错误答案可能和文章一样，但却是某个人的观点。再比如，这个题问用这个例子来证明什么，错误答案往往是例子所在的句子的本身的内容。建议考生把题干瞬间记住，带着问题读文章，因为并不是每个句子都具有考试的价值。

其次，每读一两个段子来做一个题，抓住最敏感的信息

现在考试已经摆脱了读一个段子做一个题的模式，很多题目考的是连续的两个自然段之间的连贯性。比如题干问这个例子来证明什么，你把例子返回到第二段的首句，但是答案可能是上文的末句。所以不要忽视自然段的首句和上个自然段的末句反复重复的词。具体做法如下:

1．读首段和第二段，并划出这两段反复重复的中心词，以及二段首句和一段末句的重复的关键词，再做首题，注意首题有可能考第二段。

2．读二、三段时，同样划出反复重复的每段的中心词，并做第二题。这里不要认为上面读完了第二段，就以为第二题和第二段无关。

3．读三、四段，然后做第三题，当然做不出第三题说明第三题答案有可能考的是第五段。

4．最后读四、五段做四、五题，一般来说阅读的自然段是有五个左右的。

这里要说明的是大家要注意阅读的首段和末段被反复出题的可能性大，中间自然段被反复出题的可能性相对小一些。那么这个第二步到底什么信息是最敏感的，也就是说到底什么样的单词和结构具备正确答案的出题的可能性。根据大纲的段落一致性，连贯性的要求，以下几点很重要。

1．文章的中心词，也就是每个自然段首末句子重复率最高的单词或词组。

2．段落的中心词，也就是段落的首句经常给出一个抽象的名词，并在第二、三句子中反复地重复。

3．段落的首句和上文末句的重复的词，也就是上下段的连贯性。

4．转折处后面的词十分重要。

5．作者的情感词，也就是上下文的否定前后缀，是经常考的。

第三，如何排除一个错误的选项以及如何处理剩下的两个模糊选项。

命题者出的错误选项对正确选项有干扰。一般而言，错误选项会有以下特点: 1．在错误的选项中所包含的大量的单词，原文都有，但是整句话意思不对。2．错误选项的意思都是对的，但是和问题无关。3．错误选项和正确选项的意思非常接近，好像符合题干所提问题的要求。如果掌握了这些错误选项的特点，那么在做题时，会很快排除至少一个干扰项。

如何处理剩下的两个模糊选项呢?

第一，大致的排除，并留下沾边的选项。

大致的排除可分为以下五步:

首先，先看选项的语言，通常错误选项的句子是前半句与文章完全相同，但是在句子的结尾的部分增加了新的内容。

其次，看选项的逻辑。错误选项的句子从表面看主谓宾与原文一样，但逻辑上有明显的错误。比如代表主语和宾语的单词虽然在原文中存在，但是两者之间没有丝毫关系，是命题者故意放在一起的。

再次，就算错误选项的主语和宾语在逻辑上搭配正确，但是由于语气太绝对，与原文语气不符，必然错误。比如: essential， indispensable，only， must等词并未出现在原文，而错误选项中出现，就不可选。要选委婉和不肯定的语气，比如说: may。

最后，错误选项的语言逻辑，语气虽然都特别符合原文，也有可能不正确。因为从题干的结合角度讲，所答非所问。

通过以上的方法，考生就能对两个模糊选项做出正确的判断了。一定要注意题干是原文的某个句子，答案隐藏在该句的上下文中。题干在原文某个段落的首句，答案就在上文的末句。

实例分析1:

In spite of“endless talk of difference， ”American society is an amazing ma chine for homogenizing people． This is“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of consumption”launched by the 19th century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere． Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite． ”these were stores“anyone could enter，regardless of class or background． This turned shop ping into a public and democratic act． ”The mass media，advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization．

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture，which may not beal together elevating but is hardly poisonous． Writing for the National Immigration Forum，Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation． In 1998 immigrants were 9． 8 percent of population; in 1900， 13． 6 percent． In the 10 years prior to 1990， 3． 1 immigrants arrived for every 1， 000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890，9． 2 for every 1， 000． Now，consider three indices of assimilation—language，home ownership and intermarriage．

The 1990 Census revealed that“a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well”or “very well”after ten years of residence． ”The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English． “By the third generation，the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families． ”Hence the description of America as a graveyard for language． By 1996 foreign- born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75． 6 percent，higher than the 69． 8 percent rate among native- born Americans．

Foreign- born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U． S． - born whites and blacks． ”By the third generation，one third of Hispanic women are married to non- Hispanics，and 41 percent of Asian- American women are married to non- Asians． Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks，yet“some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain some how immune to the nation's assimilative power． ”

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed． It is big enough to have a bit of everything． But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past，today's social indices suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment．

1．The word “homogenizing ” ( Line 2， Para． 1)most probably means__________．

A) identifying 　　　　B) associating

C) assimilating 　　　　D) monopolizing

2． According to the author，the department stores of the 19th century__________．

A) played a role in the spread of popular culture

B) became intimate shops for common consumers

C) satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite

D) owed its emergence to the culture of consumption

3． The text suggests that immigrants now in the U．S．__________．

A) are resistant to homogenization

B) exert a great influence on American culture

C) are hardly a threat to the common culture

D) constitute the majority of the population

4． Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

A) To prove their popularity around the world．

B) To reveal the public's fear of immigrants．

C) To give examples of successful immigrants．

D) To show the powerful influence of American culture．

5． In the author's opinion，the absorption of immigrants into American society is_________．

A) rewarding 　　　　　　　　　　B) successful

C) fruitless 　　　　　　　　　　D) harmful

第1题是一道词义题。返回原文第一句找到“homogenizing” ，这句话以“in spite of”开头，表示一种让步，换而言之， “homogenizing”应该和前文中的“difference”形成对比;另外在后半句的解释中又出现了“uniformity” ，必然是“homogenizing”的同义替换。通过上下文我们就能知道“homogenizing”应该是同化，一致的意思。当然只有选C。

第2题是一道细节事实题，根据题干中的19世纪定位到第一段。B和C明显与原文相反，而D选项又是我们命题专家惯用的一种诱惑手段——因果颠倒，乍一看都是文中讲述过的，但是他把原因作结果讲了，因此也是错误的，这需要考生仔细阅读选项。因此该题选A。另外在所有的选项中，只有那个和文章或者段落的主题相关联，或者意义最接近的选项才是正确答案。以本题为例，首段是典型的总分总结构，当中举出商场这个例子，例子不重要，还是为了说明主题:美国文化的特点——同化性。一看选项，只有A相关，当然应该毫不犹豫地选择选项A。

第3题是一道推理题，但是题干中有明确的定位信息“immigrants now in the U． S． ” ，这就降低了难度，快速定位到第二段。选项A与第二段第二句“nor resistant to assimilation”明显相反;选项B与第二段首句“not be altogether elevating”相反;文中只讲述了三个同化的标志“language，home ownership and intermarriage． ”并没有提及人口的问题，因此选项D是一个文中未提及的信息;选项C就是第二段首句“but is hardly poisonous”的同义替换。

第4题是一道细节事实题，但也可以把它看成是一道例证题。“children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars”说明文化已经影响到了全世界每一个偏僻的角落，当然D就是正确答案。选项A还是具有一定的迷惑性，但是由于它没有出现文章的核心概念“文化” ，因此把它排除。B和C明显与原文相反。

第5题是一道作者态度题。根据末段的but，知道作者认为是不黑暗，不恶化的，所以应该选择A;黑暗，不恶化不能等同于成功，因此B选项不对; C和D选项明显与原文相反，当然得把他们排除。

实例分析2:

The rise of multinational corporations(跨国公司) ，global marketing，new communications technologies，and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR．

Surprisingly，since modern PR was largely an American invention，the US leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries．Ten years ago，for example，the world's top five public relations agencies were American owned． In 1991，only one was． The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative． A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate(公司的) planning activities，compared to about one third of US companies． It may not be long before Lon don replaces New York as the capital of PR．

Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? Firstly，Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs．Knowledge of world geography，for example，has never been strong in this country． Secondly，Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts(相对应的人，对手) in knowing a second language． Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall's US employees know two languages． Ogilvy and Mather have about the same percentage． Conversely，some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language． Finally，people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs． In the financial PR area，for instance，most Americans read the Wall Street Journal． Overseas， their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist，publications not often read in this country．

Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN ( Cable News Network) ． Turner recently announced that the word“foreign”would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts． According to Turner，global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign．

1． According to the passage，US leadership in public relations is being threatened because of__________．

A) an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies

B) shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies

C) the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the US

D) increased efforts of other countries in public relations

2． London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because．A) British companies are more ambitious than US companies B) British companies place more importance on PR than US companies C) British companies are heavily involved in planning activities D) four of the world's top public relations agencies are British owned

3． The word“provincial”most probably means__________．

A) limited in outlook

B) like people from the provinces

C) rigid in thinking

D) interested in world financial affairs

4． We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry__________．

A) speak at least one foreign language fluently

B) are ignorant about world geography

C) are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts

D) enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications

5． What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?

A) American PR companies should be more internationally minded．

B) The American PR companies should develop global communications technologies．

C) People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign language．

D) People involved in PR should avoid using the word“foreign” ．

1．D)细节题。答案依据在本文第二段第一句。从介词by来看，它表示“以……方式，由于” 。

2．B)细节题。答案依据在文章第二段最后两句: “其原因是一半以上的英国公司把公共关系作为其计划活动的一部分，而美国只有1/3的公司这样做。 ”这说明英国公司比美国公司更重视公众。

3．A)词义判断题。答题依据有二: 1)我们学过province这一名词，知道它意为“省，领域，范围，本分” 。根据构词法及provincial在句中担当的成分可知provincial是一形容词，意思大概是“范围有限的”之意; 2)分析句子结构可知， and是一个表示并列关系的连词，所以be provincial的意思和take more of an interest in local affairs(主要关注本国、本地事物)相近，指“目光狭隘的” 。

4．C)推断题。考核学生推断出隐含意思的能力。本文第三段主要列举了美国在全球公关竞赛中落后的三个主要原因，即:美国人总的来说比较偏狭，懂外语的人极少，并且很少阅读其他国家的各种有关报刊。因此和他们的欧洲同行相比，当然就会是less sophisticated，答案应该是C)项。

5．A)推断题。Ted Turner of CNN说“that the word ‘foreign’would no longer be used” ，其实际含义是由于现代通信使得全球各国紧密地连接在一起，相互之间的关系极其密切，所以我们应该将视野放宽，应该具有强烈的国际观念，而不要将注意力仅仅放在国内，故而A)项正确。

练习

Ⅰ． Read the following four passages and do the multiple choice questions．Passage 1

The speaker，a teacher from a community college，addressed a sympathetic audience． Heads nodded in agreement when he said ，“High school English teachers are not doing their jobs． ”He described the inadequacies of his students，all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level． I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established．

My topic is not standards nor its decline． What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years， and is able to think and speak like a mature adult．

My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable． It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction． Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century，it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies(缺陷) ． But since then，English teachers have been under constant attacks．

The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea． As their own command of the language improves，they notice that young people do not have this same ability． Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years，they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect． To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults，the language of the young always seems inadequate．

Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people，it naturally follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs． Otherwise，young people would not commit offenses against the language．

1． The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that__________．

A) the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation

B) the students had a poor command of English because they didn't work hard enough

C) he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years．

D) English teachers should be held responsible for the students' poor command of English

2． In the author's opinion，the speaker__________．

A) gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students

B) had exaggerated the language problems of the students

C) was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs

D) could think and speak intelligently

3． The author's attitude towards the speaker's remarks is__________．

A) neutral 　　　　　B) critical

C) positive 　　　　　D) compromising

4． It can be concluded from the passage that__________．

A) it is justifiable to include English as a school subject

B) the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at grade 9 level

C) English language teaching is by no means an easy job

D) language improvement needs time and effort

5． In the passage the author argues that__________．

A) it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the students

B) young people would not commit offenses against the language if the teachers did their jobs properly

C) to eliminate language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and ears

D) to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generations

Passage 2

Psychologist George Spilich and his colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown，Maryland，decided to find out whether，as many smokers say，smoking helps them to “think and concentrate． ”Spilich put young non- smokers，active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests．

In the first test，each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a group of 96．In this simple test，smokers，deprived smokers and non- smokers performed equally well．

The next test was more complex，requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one． Non- smokers were faster，but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁) ，active smokers were faster than deprived smokers．

In the third test of short- term memory，non- smokers made the fewest errors，but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers．

The fourth test required people to read a passage， then answer questions about it． Non- smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers，and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing． Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details．

“As our tests became more complex， ”sums up Spilich ，“non- smokers per formed better than smokers by wider and wider margins． ”He predicts ，“smokers might performed adequately at many jobs—until they got complicated． A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose，but if something went wrong，smoking might damage his mental capacity． ”

1． The purpose of George Spilich's experiments is__________．

A) to find out whether smoking helps people's mental capacity

B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity

C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance

D) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers

2． George Spilich's experiment was conductedin such a way as to__________．

A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details

B) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers

C) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests

D) register the prompt responses of the subjects

3． The word“bested”( Line 3，Para． 5)means__________．

A) beat　　　　　　　 B) caught up with

C) envied 　　　　　　D) made the best of

4． Which of the following statements is true?

A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers．

B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects．

C) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks．

D) Non- smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks．

5． We can infer from the last paragraph that__________．

A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots

B) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases

C) no airline pilots smoke during flights

D) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness

Passage 3

There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work，just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal- combustion engine (内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel，expanding gases and pis tons (活塞) being driven． For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do． Further，students might be helped by a course that considers the computer's impact on society． But that is not what is meant by computer literacy． For computer literacy is not a form of literacy (读写能力) ; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art．

Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities． A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers． But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one． Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career． While programming can be lots of fun，and while our society needs some people who are experts at it，the same is true of auto repair and violin- making．

Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult，and it gets easier all the time as programs become more“user- friendly” ． Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen．What does the phrase“learning to use a computer”mean? It sounds like“learning to drive a car” ; that is，it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that，once acquired，enable one to use a computer．

In fact ，“learning to use a computer”is much more like“learning to play a game” ，but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game，whose rules may not be the same． There is no such thing as teaching someone how to use a computer． One can only teach people to use this or that program，and generally that is easily accomplished．

1． To be competent citizens of tomorrow，people__________．

A) learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skills

B) be aware of how the things that they use do what they do

C) try to lay a solid foundation in computer science

D) understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car

2． In the second paragraph“violin- making”( Line 7)is mentioned to show that__________．

A) programming a computer is as interesting as making a violin

B) our society needs experts in different fields

C) violin- making requires as much skill as computer programming

D) people who can use a computer don't necessarily have to know computer programming

3． Learning to use a computer is getting easierall the time because__________．

A) programs are becoming less complicated

B) programming is becoming easier and easier

C) programs are designed to be convenient to users

D) programs are becoming readily available to computer users

4． According to the author，the phrase “learning to use a computer”( Line 4，Para． 3)means learning__________．

A) a set of rules

B) the fundamentals of computer science

C) specific programs

D) general principles of programming

5． The author's purpose in writing this passage is__________．

A) to explain the concept of computer literacy

B) to stress the impact of the computer on society

C) to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrow

D) to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging job

Passage 4

The way people hold to belief that fun- filled，pain- free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness． If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness，then pain must be equal to unhappiness． But，in fact，the opposite is true: more often than not，things that lead to happiness involve some pain．

As a result，many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness． They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage，raising children，professional achievement，religious commitment (承担的义务) ，and self- improvement．

Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying． If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment． For commitment is in fact quite painful． The single life is filled with fun，adventure，excitement． Marriage has such moments，but they are not its most distinguishing features．

Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three day vacation． I don't know any parent who would choose the word “fun”to de scribe raising children． But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild．

Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations． It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness． It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless． And it liberates use from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all．1．According to the author， a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because__________．

A) he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single

B) he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities

C) he finds more fun in dating than in marriage

D) he fears it will put an end to all his fun，adventure and excitement

2． Raising children，in the author's opinion，is__________．

A) a moral duty

B) a source of inevitable pain

C) a thankless job

D) a rewarding task

3． From the last paragraph，we learn that envy sometimes stems from__________．

A) misunderstanding 　　　B) prejudice

C) hatred 　　　　　　　　D) ignorance

4． To understand what true happiness is one must__________．

A) have as much fun as possible during one's lifetime

B) make every effort to liberate oneself from pain

C) be able to distinguish happiness from fun

D) put up with pain under all circumstances

5． What is the author trying to tell us?

A) One must know how to attain happiness

B) Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain．

C) It is important to make commitments．

D) It is pain that leads to happiness．

Answers:

Passage 1: D C C D D Passage 2: D C D C D

Passage 3: A D C D A Passage 4: D D A C B