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商务经贸报刊文章的翻译

时间:2022-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:尽管如此,在谈商务报刊文章的翻译之前,有必要对商务报刊文章的语言特点做一概述,以便译者加深对其语言的理解和文体的把握。

第十章 商务经贸报刊文章的翻译

一、本章目标

● 了解商务经贸文章的文体特点。

● 明确商务经贸文章翻译的基本原则。

● 熟识商务经贸文章的翻译特点和要求。

二、课堂练习

1.阅读原文,仔细体会商务报刊文章的语言有什么特点?

2.对比原文与译文,译文是否完整再现了原文的意义和风格?

原文

Many economists and bankers insisted that only a major restructuring of the world’s debts, to allow lower interest to be repaid over longer periods, could resolve the problem.But this cannot happen without the support of central banks and governments, and most voters and politicians were in no mood to think about long-term global solutions.Internationalism, which had been part of the Western creed of the 60s, was now an increasingly suspect word.After 12 months of the economic roller coaster, there were few signs of changing attitudes.

译文

许多经济学家和银行家一度坚持认为,只有对世界各国的债务进行重大调整,降低利率,延长偿还期限,这个问题才能得到解决。但是,如果没有各国中央银行和政府的支持,这一点是做不到的,而多数选民和政界人士却没有心情考虑各种全球性的长远解决办法。国际主义在20世纪60年代曾经是西方的一项信条,现在它却是一个使人疑虑日增的字眼。在经济极端动荡不定的12个月之后,还没有多少迹象表明各方面的态度发生了变化。

三、商务经贸报刊文章的语言特点

商务活动本来只是商人的活动,但时下关心股市和开办公司的人越来越多,阅读经济商业类的读物逐渐成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。在全球经济一体化的背景下,人们不仅关注国内的商业读物,也更关注欧美和我国香港地区的报刊。这些刊物主要包括Business Week(《商业周刊》),The Economist《经济学人》,Financial Times(金融时报),Fortune(《财富》),Wall Street Journal(《华尔街日报》),International Herald Tribune(《国际先驱论坛报》),Far Eastern Economic Review(《远东经济评论》),Newsweek《新闻周刊》,New York Times《纽约时报》,Time《时代周刊》,Asiaweek《亚洲周刊》等。由于各家报刊的风格不同,这些报刊上刊载的商务文章也各有其独特的语言特点。尽管如此,在谈商务报刊文章的翻译之前,有必要对商务报刊文章的语言特点做一概述,以便译者加深对其语言的理解和文体的把握。

1.用词方面

商务报刊文章具有一般新闻体的特点,经常使用一些新闻界的“行话”。例如,according to X report(据……报道);quoted as saying /cited as saying(援引……的话说);on the brink of a breakthrough(即将取得进展); with guarded reserve (持审慎态度)等(刘宓庆1998)。对这些行话的熟悉和了解,有助于译者对文章的内容快速理解和翻译。在商务报刊文章中,还常使用一些其他文章中不经常出现的商务术语和缩略语。例如,

例1

Asia economies are displaying strong growth in the wake of the 1997-1998 currency crisis that engulfed the region.

经历了1997-1998年的金融危机以后,亚洲经济在复苏之际显示出了强劲的增长趋势。

例2

The average net oil importing country in the region will lose more than 2% of GDP and more than 30% of their current account.

该区域的石油净进口国家的GDP将平均减少2%以上,利润下降超过30%。

例3

The IMF must be given enough support to make longer-term loans in order to enable developing countries to revive their exports without enduring crippling hardships.

必须给予国际货币基金组织充分的支持,使之能提供长期的贷款,以便使各发展中国家能够振兴出口而不遭受严重的困难。

2.句式方面

商务报刊文章中大量使用扩展简单句。使用该句式的好处是,简单句能使读者对所报道的内容一目了然,同时通过介词短语、分词短语、定语从句等成分的扩展,又能使句子容纳尽可能多的信息。例如,

例4

The most uniform problem facing the countries within the region is the failure of the nations governments to fully implement financial sector reforms following the currency crisis.

亚洲国家面临的最为普遍的一个问题是,在金融危机后未能完成彻底的金融改革。

例5

They will have to lower interest requirements, with some form o f subsidy fr om the central banks if necessary.

他们必须降低有关利息的要求,必要时应由各国中央银行给予某种形式的津贴。

例6

Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries, terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.

西方各国金融机构和政府必须确保对各发展中国家强制实行公平合理的还债条件,确保这些条件不至于引起革命或混乱。

另外,商务报刊文章中还较多使用插入语。通过使用插入语,对所叙述的事件作进一步补充说明,提供给读者更多的背景情况。例如,

例7

Many economists and bankers insisted that only a major restructuring of the world’s debts, to allow lower interest to be repaid over longer periods, could resolve the problem.

许多经济学家和银行家一度坚持认为,只有对世界各国的债务进行重大调整,降低利率,延长偿还期限,这个问题才能得到解决。

3.修辞方面

为了吸引读者,增加新闻的可读性和吸引力,报刊文章的作者经常借助多种修辞手法,使用生动形象的语言。例如:

例8

With their home market already mature and well exploited, they looked to expand to new pastures.

由于国内市场已经饱和并且已充分开发,因此他们期望拓展新的市场。

例9

But the leash gets pulled very tightly when a unit is underperforming.

但是,若某业务单位业绩不好,它就只能获得很少的自主权。

例10

The carnage in stock funds—the biggest money-spinners for management companies—is far bloodier.

股票基金市场上的“大屠杀”更为血腥,而股票基金对于基金管理公司而言是最赚钱的买卖。

四、商务经贸报刊文章的翻译要点

商务报刊文章的性质和语言特点决定了该类文体翻译的特点有别于其他文体的翻译。具体说来,商务报刊文章的翻译应该注意以下事项:

1.文章标题的翻译要形象生动,概括简练

好的新闻体文章的标题都很讲究,概括简练,生动醒目,吸引读者的注意力。翻译标题时译者也应做到这一点。例如,“Roses, Roses All the Way”译为“铺满玫瑰的路”,形象地再现了英国前首相撒切尔夫人这位漂亮的女政治家政运亨通,不仅给读者一种美好的感觉,还能吸引读者读下去。再如,All’s Not Well in Asia 译为“亚洲并非万事大吉”也是一个言简意赅的汉语标题。需要注意的是,由于英汉两种语言的差异,有些标题直接翻译成汉语并不妥当。遇到这种情况时,译者可以先阅读完全篇文章,在掌握了文章大意之后,再确定如何翻译标题,确保标题是文章“眼睛”的作用。比如,在了解了TV’s Mr.Big一文谈的是TCL集团的总裁李东生,此标题就可以灵活地译为“电视大腕李东生”。这比直译“电视大腕先生”更能吸引读者的眼球。

2.措词用句符合新闻体的风格

在翻译商务报刊文章之前,译者可以先读一些相应的汉语新闻报刊文章,掌握新闻体的风格,以便使措辞用句符合汉语新闻体的特点。对于新闻体中的行业套语,翻译时可以直接套用,因为这些表达方式约定俗成,已为业内人士和大众所接受。对于商务术语,则力求正确译出。遇到词语不熟或者新词时,译者应勤查专业工具书,或向专家请教,并结合上下文,斟酌推敲词义,务必使译文明确达意。

英美报刊中还经常借用某门学科的专门名词,来增强文章的表达力。遇到这种情况,译者先要搞清楚它们的语言背景,然后根据上下文来灵活处理,不必拘泥于原文的指示意义或形象。例如,在翻译economic roller coaster这一短语时,译者应首先弄清楚roller coaster本意是指在大型游乐场中,一组载人的小车利用惯性在坡度不一的曲线轨道上滑行的一种娱乐活动,即过山车。由于这种游戏具有上下剧烈运动的特点,与economic一词连用时,喻指经济上的剧烈波动。因此,此短语可意译为“经济极端动荡不定”。再如,tectonic plates of the world history中tectonic plates原为地质学术语,表示地壳的结构。翻译时译者可以根据上下文,不保留这个地质学用语,而直接译为“世界历史上的势力结构”,或者“世界历史的沧桑变化”。

另外,由于商务报刊文章大多以报道“事实”、分析经济现状和形势为目的,翻译时译者切忌使用太俗、太雅或表达激情的词语。译者应尊重原作者的叙述语调,做一个冷静的叙述者。

3.翻译复杂句的方法:核心句翻译法

商务报刊文章的读者对象是关心商务信息的读者,因此译文必须准确传达原文的信息,译文语言也必须符合中文习惯,地道、自然。可以说,商务报刊文章的翻译原则与一般文体的翻译是一致的,也要遵循既达意又通顺的翻译原则。由于商务报刊文章大量使用扩展简单句和插入语的句式,这种句式包含的信息量大,中英文表达同样概念时句子结构又不同,译文要做到既达意又通顺有一定的难度。为了克服这一困难,我们翻译时可以采用西方翻译理论家奈达有关核心句的翻译方法。

奈达认为,有经验的译者在翻译时往往避免从句子的表层结构出发直接译成译入语的表层结构。相反,他总是由原语表层的句法结构分析出原语句子的深层意义,在深层意义的基础上转换成译语后再在译入语中重新组织句子的表层结构。他把这一翻译过程形象地比作涉水过河:上游水流湍急(原语句子的表层结构复杂),过河者(译者)难以过河,于是他到下游找一个水浅的地方涉水过河(原语句子结构的深层意义),再折回到上游的目的地(在译入语中重新组织译文)。也就是说,译者在遇到一个复杂的句子时,并不急于翻译,而是按照句子中各成分的内在关系,将原文的长句切分成一个个短到不能再分解下去的核心句(核心句是最简单的句子,比如主语+谓语动词;主语+谓语系词+表语;主语+谓语动词+宾语等)。将这些短句梳理有序后,译者翻译时可以完全不管原文结构如何,而用中文习惯的说法将短句一一重新组织起来。这样,一个内容符合原文,表达又通顺自然的译句就出来了。例如,

The confidence that the West would remain a dominate force in the 21st century, as it has for the past four or five centuries, is giving way to a sense of foreboding that forces like the emergence of fundamentalist Islam, the rise of East Asia and the collapse of Russia and Eastern Europe could pose real threats to the West.

这个句子所表达的内容高度概括,各成分之间的关系又很细腻,翻译起来难度较大。借用奈达的核心句翻译方法,我们可以将这个句子按内容和逻辑顺序分解为六个意义单一的核心句:

(1) The West has remained a dominate force for the past four or five centuries;

(2) The confidence is giving way to a sense of foreboding;

(3) Forces pose real threats to the West;

(4) Fundamentalist Islam is emerging;

(5) The East Asia is rising;

(6) Russia and Eastern Europe have collapsed.

在将原文的复杂长句分解成数个核心句后,译者已趟过了浅滩。下一步所做的就是折回,到达上游的目的地,将这些意义清楚的成分按照译入语的习惯重新组织成句:

过去四五百年来,西方独霸世界,西方人也一直信心十足。可眼下西方对能否在二十一世纪保持这种地位越来越无信心,取而代之的是大祸将临的心态。伊斯兰原教旨主义运动如火如荼,东亚蓬勃兴起,俄罗斯及东欧土崩瓦解,这一切都会对西方构成真正的威胁。

需要指出的是,核心句的转换过程在实际翻译时是在译者的大脑中完成的,并非一定要写出来。当然,在实际操作中,译者也可以不必把句子成分分析到核心句,而只将它们分析到自己能够驾御的程度。例如,

Her rise, as she (Thatcher) once described the star-is-born press coverage that greeted her maiden speech in Commons, was“roses, roses all the way.”

我们可以将这个复杂长句切分成四个意义清晰的句子,而不是将之全部分解成核心句:

(1) (Thatcher made) her maiden speech in Commons;

(2) Her speech was covered by the press and was greeted by the coverage;

(3) The coverage said“the star is born”, referring to the rise of Thatcher;

(4) Just like Thatcher said when describing the coverage, her rise was“roses, roses all the way.”

在意义清楚的基础上,我们可以将原句译为:

新闻界在报导她第一次在下院发表的演说并对其表示赞许时说她是一颗已经诞生的新星;撒切尔在描述这一报道时说,她是沿着一条“铺满玫瑰的路”冉冉升起的。

4.商务经贸报刊文章翻译中的改写

商务报刊文章的翻译是一件非常严肃的工作,译者应遵循忠实于原文、完整再现原文的意义和风格的原则。但是,在实际翻译中,译者有时却不得不对原文加以删节或改写。比如,下面的这段译文就对原文的内容有所删改:

原文(文章的开始部分)

A sign advertising Coca-Cola on a bus shelter in the Chinese port city of Hangzhou shouldn’t have been any big deal.Problem was, the billboard—like many Coke ads—was predominantly red, and in China red belongs to the Communist Party.So Clear Media Ltd., the company that owns the shelter, had to lobby local officials at meetings over green tea before finally winning approval for the ad.“We brought them the Cole and Pepsi annual reports and showed the officials that, yes, the two companies use different colors,”says Clear Media Chairman Steven T.Yung.

Even advertising, it seems, is not beyond the reach of the long arm of the party in China.And it’s not just color.Far more than in most other countries, Chinese advertisers face strict limits on the claims they can make in their ads.Superlatives such as“best”are banned.So are rankings and head-to-head comparisons with rivals.Just mentioning prices is pushing the envelope—and still needs official approval.

译文(文章的开始部分)

与其他大多数国家相比,中国广告业的从业者在广告宣传中所面对的管理条例更为严格细致。所有最高级的形容词如“最佳”等都禁止使用。至于排名以及竞争对手之间针锋相对的比较,那同样属于被禁之列。为了增强广告宣传的效果仅仅提及价格——而这也同样需要得到主管官员的批准。

译文之所以删去某些内容不译,其原因是显而易见的:原作者对中国政府的实际情况和中国人的审美心理并不了解,报道内容歪曲了客观事实。对于关心商务内容的中国读者来说,一开始就读到这么不符合客观事实的报道,很难对文章后面的内容有兴趣读下去。译文经过删改处理,不仅毫无损失文章有关商务信息的传译,而且开门见山,直本主题,译文可读性强,达到了翻译的目的。

最后需要指出的是,对于商务报刊文章中出现的陈词滥调,松散或拖沓的句子结构,译者也可以对之加以“修改”,以明确达意为翻译标准,而不必拘泥于原文的字词和句子形式。当然,对于那些原文内容极为正式的商务文章,译者采取“改写”原则时,最好先征求翻译发起人的意见。

五、课后翻译作业

请将下面的段落翻译为汉语。

1.

Steve Jobs

The ailing creator of the iPod and iPhone is next to irreplaceable

For two years I wrote a satirical blog under the persona of Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs, and one of the recurring themes was that Jobs is not actually human but in fact is a demigod, the offspring of Zeus and a mortal woman, an immortal figure who uses his extraordinary powers to restore a sense of childlike wonder to the world by creating magical consumer-electronics products like the iPod and iPhone.This is, after all, a CEO who inspires a frightening level of adoration from Apple fanatics.These people think nothing of camping out overnight in freezing cold weather just to attend one of his speeches.No other chief executive is so inextricably linked to his company’s brand and products.As one Wall Street analyst put it this year,“Apple is Steve Jobs, and Steve Jobs is Apple.”

Jobs cofounded Apple in 1976, got tossed out in 1985 and returned in 1997, when the company was as close to death as a company can get.Since then he has orchestrated one of the greatest turnarounds in corporate history, making Apple into the hottest brand in consumer electronics.At the end of 1997 Apple stock was trading for about three bucks a share.Today those shares trade for $96, after shooting as high as $202 earlier this year.The weak economy might take some wind out of Apple’s sails, especially since the company sells mostly to consumers rather than to corporate customers, and because Apple’s products are hardly cheap.On the other hand, Apple’s customers are fiercely loyal and aren’t penny-pinching bargain hunters.They’re not likely to start buying Dell computers or Motorola cell phones just to save a few bucks.If anything, they’ll just wait a bit longer before upgrading their Apple gear.

For all this and more, thank Steve Jobs.He’s not an engineer.He can’t write a line of software code.He is, by most accounts, a terrible manager, prone to tantrums and abusive tirades, almost unbearable to work for.But he is also a genius—a relentless perfectionist with a keen eye for design and a Zen master’s sense of which features to leave out.His products are simple, spare and elegant, with the best user interfaces in the world.

2.

Nobel Peace Prize for Banker to the Poor

Muhammad Yunus, the Bangladeshi economist whose Grameen Bank is credited with helping millions of the world’s poorest people to lift themselves out of poverty, was the surprise winner of the Nobel Peace Prize yesterday.

Prof.Yunus, 65, known as Bangladesh’s“banker to the poor”won the £750 000 award ahead of the former president of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, who had been widely tipped for his role in brokering a peace deal in the Indonesian province of Aceh.

Speaking from his home in Dhaka yesterday, Prof Yunus said the award was recognition of the fact that ending poverty was a fundamental prerequisite to bringing peace to the world.

“I am delighted, I can’t believe it,”he said.“Eradication of poverty can give you real peace.There is no self-respect and status when you are burdened with poverty.”“You are endorsing a dream to achieve a poverty-free world.”

Prof.Yunus shares the award with the Grameen Bank, which he founded in 1983 to dispense tiny loans to Bangladeshi women who used the money to transform their lives by buying tools to start small businesses.

Grameen Bank has been instrumental in helping millions of poor Bangladeshis, many of them women, improve their standard of living by letting them borrow small sums to start businesses.

Loans go toward buying items such as cows to start a dairy, chickens for an egg business, or mobile phones to start businesses where villagers who have no access to phones pay a small fee to make calls.

He said he would use part of his prize money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor.The rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.

六、翻译知识拓展

背景知识在翻译中的重要性

我国语言学家吕叔湘在《翻译工作和“杂学”》一文中指出,要做好翻译工作,必须对原文有彻底的了解,而要了解原文,必须通过三道关:第一关词汇语法关;第二关是熟语关;第三关是“字典不能帮忙的那些东西;上自天文,下至地理,人情风俗,俚语方言,历史上的事件,小说里的人物,五花八门,无以名之,名之曰‘杂学’”(1989:149-150)。吕叔湘这儿所说的杂学即译者的语言外能力,包括文化知识、主题知识和百科知识。

法国释意派翻译理论创始人塞莱斯科维奇教授认为:“翻译的任务是转达交际意义,语言只是理解意义必不可少的条件之一。若想正确理解意义,译者不仅仅要拥有语言知识,还应有足够的主题知识、百科知识”。 (许钧 1998:9)翻译是以原文为参照体系的。然而,原作者的写作以目标读者的知识为参照,而不是以译者的知识为参照。这就使得译者在翻译的时候相对于原作者会出现知识欠缺的现象。下面的例子都说明了译者主题知识和百科知识的欠缺对翻译质量的影响。

例1

原文 And here is a surprise: Uncle Edgar.He has been here for years, but I have never bumped into him before.I don’t dare disturb him, for he is an important man, the manager of the baseball team, and his two pitchers, My uncle Harold and my Cousin-in-law Howard, have both been shelled on the mound and Uncle Edgar has to decide whether to ask the shortstop if he knows anything about pitching (A Visit with the Folks).

译文 令人惊讶的是,埃德加叔叔的墓地也在这儿。他安息在这儿也已有多年了,但我以前从未碰到过他。我不敢打扰他,他可是个大人物,棒球队的经理。他的两个投球手,哈罗德叔叔和我的堂姐夫霍华德,也都长眠于此了。埃德加叔叔现在也只能向游击手请教一些关于投球的常识了。

如果只是粗粗地读一下译文,读者很难发现译文中有什么问题。但是读者如果了解一些棒球的知识,再对比一下原文,就会发现译文存在着明显的误译。误译的出现是由于译者对to be shelled on the mound不理解所造成的。该短语在棒球运动中指的是“在投球区被对方连连安打得分”。正是由于这个原因,下文才接着说埃德加叔叔不得不决定问游击手是否懂得投球。遗憾的是,由于译者不熟悉棒球知识,将mound理解为土堆,把to be shelled on the mound理解为“埋在土里”了(即译文中的“长眠于此”)了。

例2

原文 Nowhere is it more pervasive than in Scotland’s dramatic capital city.Stroll through the cobbled streets of the medieval Old Town and remember the monarchs, religious zealots and literary giants who walked this way before you.Visit the castle and uncover 1 000 years of Scotland’s tumultuous past.Have a pint in Deacon Brodie’s Tavern and learn about the devious Edinburgh citizen who inspired Robert Louis Stevenson’s tale of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde.

译文 没有哪个地方像充满戏剧色彩的苏格兰首府那样到处弥漫着历史的气息。来吧!在中世纪遗留下来的古镇那铺满鹅卵石的街道上徜徉,你会回想起那些曾经走过这条道路的帝王将相、宗教信徒和文坛巨匠。探访那些古堡吧,开启苏格兰那尘封千年、风起云涌的历史遗存吧。到布洛迪助祭酒馆里喝一盅吧,这样可以了解爱丁堡那位魔鬼般的公民臭名昭著的故事,罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森就是从他身上得到的灵感,创作出《化身博士》这部不朽之作的。

上面这段译文语言通顺、流畅,但是却因作者百科知识的欠缺多处翻译得不够准确。Old Town指的是爱丁堡老城,却翻译成了“古镇”。苏格兰的爱丁堡市由老城和新城两部分组成,翻译成“古镇”显然是由于译者对该城市的历史和现状缺乏了解。the castle指的是爱丁堡城堡,而不是“那些古堡”。虽然译者有可能是将原文的单数误看成了复数,但如果对苏格兰的首府爱丁堡市的爱丁堡城堡有所了解的话,也不会犯这样的错误:爱丁堡市以爱丁堡城堡闻名,英文Edinburgh的字面意思就是“斜坡上的城堡”。在苏格兰并入联合王国之前,苏格兰和英格兰之间持续不断的战争都与这座城堡有关。所以文中才说:“造访爱丁堡城堡,你会揭开苏格兰动荡不安的千年历史”。Deacon Brodie Tavern译为“布洛迪助祭酒馆”也有问题,反映了译者对原文中谈到的历史人物不够了解。Brodie是苏格兰历史上有名的木匠,曾担任过爱丁堡工匠行会的会长。位于爱丁堡皇家大道的Deacon Brodie Tavern就是以这位生前经常到这家酒店喝酒、赌牌的会长的名字命名的。所以,Deacon应译为“会长”而不是“助祭”(曹明伦2007:88)。

例3

原文 If it’s drama you’re after, you’ll head for the Highlands, a vast swathe of untamed wilderness fringed by mile upon mile of fretted coastline dotted with islands.Land and sea collide to create spectacular perspectives, which change with the seasons and within the space of a day.One moment you’re gazing upon rocky mountain peaks, shimmering sea lochs and desolate moors.

译文 如果你要探寻戏剧的踪迹,就去苏格兰高地吧,那是一篇广袤无垠、粗犷狭长的原野,两端镶嵌着绵延不绝的海岸线,点缀着大大小小的岛屿。陆地与大海狭路相逢,互不相让,形成一道道蔚为壮观的景象,这些风景随着季节的交替和早晚的更迭而变幻无常。此刻,你可能正在凝望壁立千仞的山峰、波光粼粼的海湾或荒无人烟的沼泽。

上面的译文看似没有任何问题,但了解苏格兰地理情况的读者会马上指出这儿的描述与苏格兰高地的情形不符:1)苏格兰高地几乎没有“壁立千仞”的高山;2)苏格兰高地多“荒无人烟的荒野”而少见“沼泽”。对于这段译文,曹明伦曾这样评论说:“如果译者在翻译这段文字时能展开一副苏格兰地图,译文就不会出现‘两端镶嵌着绵延不绝的海岸线’和‘陆地与大海狭路相逢,互不相让’的描述。……如果译者多看几幅苏格兰高地的风光照片,就会发现那片高地的山虽多奇石,但山形平缓圆浑,起伏曲线不大,很难说有巍峨突兀的气势,从而就不会把rocky译成‘壁立千仞’”(曹明伦2007:88)。

从上面的例子可以得出,在翻译中,一个译者如果缺乏主题知识和百科知识,即使他的语言能力很强,表达通顺流畅,他译出的译文的质量也是难以保障的。“仅凭翻译(翻译技巧和翻译专业知识)和语言知识是无法胜任口笔译翻译任务的”(刘和平2009)。

翻译的种类多种多样,涉及很多专门翻译,例如科技翻译、文件翻译、经贸翻译等。翻译专业的学生一般都是学语言出身,在面对专业翻译材料时,他们遇到的最大问题是语言外的百科知识和专业知识的欠缺。例如下面这句有关体育报道的翻译:

例4

原文 Barca’s loss has been Real’s gain, and although Figo has not reproduced the sparkling form of his days in the granite and blue stripe, he has proved to be an asset to the Whites.

译文1 巴萨的损失使王室获利,虽然费戈并不像穿蓝红间条纹时那么有成就,对白人来说,他还是个宝物。

译文2 巴塞罗那的损失使皇家马德里获利,虽然费戈并不象在巴塞罗那那么有成就,对皇家马德里来说,他还是个宝物。

如果译者对足球运动不关注,不了解Barca 和Real分别指代巴塞罗那队和皇家马德里队,不知道the granite and blue stripe和the Whites指的分别是巴塞罗那队和皇家马德里队的队服,那么他的译文很可能像译文1那样,英文是转换成了中文,但表达出的意思却不知所云,令人费解。

在各科分工越来越细,“隔行如隔山”的情况下,一个专业译者即使涉猎面广,有心成为翻译的杂家,也不可能穷尽每一个领域,成为各个领域的专家。这也就是一个职业译者最好能在某一两个领域有所专长。职业译者通常会明智地拒绝翻译某一个他不曾涉猎或了解甚少的专业话题,而很少硬着头皮去做一个能做任何翻译的“多面手”。即使出于各种原因接受一个他不曾涉猎的领域时,他也会提前作好准备工作。口译员林超伦在一次讲座中谈到他的翻译领域极其广泛,包括政府会议、监狱报告、法律、广告、洽谈会等等。对于语言学背景出身的他来说,是不可能全部了解这些领域的特定术语的。他所能做的是一方面是尽可能地在口译工作之前与客户沟通,了解翻译双方的信息;一方面去实地或到网上查找了解相关的资料。这样,他才会在他本不熟悉的领域里游刃有余地做好翻译,为双方搭建起交流的桥梁。与口译相比,笔译员有更充分的时间和条件去了解要翻译的相关题材知识,通过查找来弥补题材知识和百科知识的不足。

(节选自马会娟《汉译英翻译能力研究》)

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