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专业化的前奏

时间:2022-10-19 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:20世纪初,经过专业训练的建筑师和文物研究者作为重要的专业力量开始进入建筑遗产保护领域。其中较有代表性的是美国建筑师学会费城分会1911年开始为费城议会厅所做的修复工作。这一成功的修复工作得到了美国业界的认可。但在这一时期,建筑保护和修复作为一种专业学科仍未出现,现代修复技术研究基本没有开始。这一时期的很多“修复”事实上是对历史建筑的破坏,而地域的限制使许多建筑遗产保护和修复的经验无法在更大的范围内融合。

2.7.4 专业化的前奏

20世纪初,经过专业训练的建筑师和文物研究者作为重要的专业力量开始进入建筑遗产保护领域。修复工作越来越趋向于对历史原貌的充分保留和有根据的复原。其中较有代表性的是美国建筑师学会费城分会1911年开始为费城议会厅所做的修复工作。早在1900年,费城分会的一个专业委员会就开始对该建筑进行研究,通过各种期刊、信件、报纸和旧铜版画来进行考证,并对建筑进行了拍照和测绘。并去除局部的内墙粉刷和壁纸来研究原来的楼梯和隔墙的位置。经过几年的工作,委员会提供了详尽的调研报告和可行计划。

在工程开始之际,他们通过一个“总则”(General Note)来对承包商的行为进行约束,同时也为整个修复工作定下一个基调:

鉴于该建筑所系的历史意义,和记录一切可以得到的具有历史纪念意义的事物的必要性,在施工中任何没有事先料及的和特别的情况,以及施工中新的有意义的发现,必须报知顾问建筑师,不得先行移除或毁坏。当遇到此类情况时,建筑师应立即重新检查建筑,做研究或记录在案。

必须严格防范导致原始构件损毁的因素,没有建筑师的允许,不得对建筑构件进行拆除和切割。所有拆卸下来的材料应仔细存放在指定地点,若建筑师预定了场地,则承建商应当尽快将材料移至他处……[88]

由于修复对象是具有历史意义的重要建筑,这一项目从开始调研到完成历时数年,整个过程体现了一种对修复的专业化和规范化要求。这一成功的修复工作得到了美国业界的认可。

这一时期,工匠在建筑遗产修复中起到的作用开始得到正视。霍瑞斯·塞勒斯(Horace Wells Sellers)自20世纪20年代开始在《美国建筑师协会期刊》(AIA Journal)上发表文章,在1920年2月的《美国建筑师协会期刊》上他撰写了《历史建筑保护》(Pretection of historic building)一文,肯定当时美国社会的保护观,并认为幸存的历史建筑是对历史上那些辛苦劳作的匠人的纪念。然而同时他又认为,这种纪念“没有必要包括19世纪晚期的那些匠人,因为这是美国历史上设计的一个低谷。”[89]两年后,费斯克·肯贝尔(Fiske Kimball)在同一期刊上对那些不专业的修复者提出了批评,并提出了工匠在修复工作中的重要作用:

应当意识到,修复一座老屋或花园是一项专门的工作,并不是所有的建筑师都具有这方面的专业知识和经验,更不用说这需要足够的耐心和意志,以及大量的时间……需要指出的是,虽然大量的修复工作是建筑师参与的,但在许多实例中,最伟大的知识和经验是属于那些没受过专业建筑学训练的匠人。[90]

费城的建筑师们以及埃伯顿的实践表明,在20世纪初期,建筑保护已经开始走向专业化,建筑师和历史保护者们已经开始进入这一领域,并开始形成自己的保护理念和专业技术。但在这一时期,建筑保护和修复作为一种专业学科仍未出现,现代修复技术研究基本没有开始。建筑师和工匠的经验仍是修复技术的主导。除了《新英格兰古迹保护协会公报》(Bulletin of the SPNEA)和《美国景观与历史保护协会年鉴》(Annual Reports of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation)之外,基本上没有系统介绍建筑保护与修复的期刊。而后者事实上也不是一直在关注这一领域的内容。这一时期的很多“修复”事实上是对历史建筑的破坏,而地域的限制使许多建筑遗产保护和修复的经验无法在更大的范围内融合。

【注释】

[1]William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in Ameri-ca.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[2]即图洛犹太教会堂的建立者艾萨克·图洛(Isaac Touro)的儿子。

[3]William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in Ameri-ca.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[4]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[5] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[6]Max Page,Randall Mason.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Pres-ervation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[7] James Marston Fitch.Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World.New York:McGraw-Hill,1982

[8]James Marston Fitch.Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World.New York:McGraw-Hill,1982

[9] James Marston Fitch.Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World.New York:McGraw-Hill,1982

[10] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[11] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[12]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[13]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam.1965

[14]王旭.美国城市史.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000

[15]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam.1965

[16]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam.1965

[17] James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[18] James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[19]这一时期美国的民粹运动主要是一种农民民粹运动,源于美国西部和南部各州农民在经济上的不满,典型代表是19世纪90年代的“美国人民党”(US People’s Party)。民粹主义者的宣言是:“我们要使共和政府重回平民(the Plain People)之手。”对20世纪初期由知识分子带动的进步主义运动有重要影响。

[20]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[21] James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[22]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[23]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[24]市政会议(Town Meeting)起源于17世纪的新英格兰,由定期举行的市民大会来管理城市政务,这是美国民主政治的基础,对后来美国政治体制有很大影响。由于城市规模的扩大,市政会议逐渐被议会制取代,但至今美国仍有437个城市依然保留着市政会议的体制,几乎全在新英格兰地区。

[25]Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the Unit-ed States.New York:Routledge,2004

[26]玛莉·赫敏维(Mary Tileston Hemenway),1820—1894,新英格兰著名慈善家,成立赫敏维研究基金会,资助美国的考古、人类学研究和教育。

[27]Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[28]Mark Gelernter.A History of American Architecture:Buildings in Their Cultural and Tech-nological Context.Hanover,N.H.:University Press of New England,1999

[29]布芬奇(1763—1844),1781年毕业于哈佛大学,并在1784年取得硕士学位。1785年至1787年,布芬奇在欧洲。他的主要作品包括Tontine Crescent(已毁),该建筑受到英国建筑师约翰·伍德的Royal Crescent的影响,后者是英国著名的乔治亚风格的住宅群。布芬奇还为哈里森·奥蒂斯(Harrison Grey Otis)设计了一系列住宅,并引起了美国总统詹姆斯·门罗的注意,门罗将布芬奇邀请到了华盛顿。后来布芬奇还设计了康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州的州政厅,以及哈佛大学的大学厅(University Hall)。

[30]Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[31] Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Ran-dall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[32] Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Ran-dall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[33]Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the Unit-ed States.New York:Routledge,2004

[34] Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the Unit-ed States.New York:Routledge,2004

[35] Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the Unit-ed States.New York:Routledge,2004

[36]张京祥.西方城市规划史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005

[37]张京祥.西方城市规划史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005

[38]王旭.美国城市史.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000

[39]Michael Holleran.Roots in Boston,Branches in Planning and Parks.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the Unit-ed States.New York:Routledge,2004

[40]Documentary Chronology of Selected Events in the Development of the American Con-servation Movement,1847—1920,http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron4.html.

[41]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[42] 丹尼尔·布尔斯廷著;中国对外翻译出版公司译.美国人建国历程.北京:三联书店.1993

[43]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷著;中国对外翻译出版公司译.美国人建国历程.北京:三联书店.1993

[44] 丹尼尔·布尔斯廷著;中国对外翻译出版公司译.美国人建国历程.北京:三联书店.1993

[45]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[46]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[47] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[48]本尼迪克特·阿诺德1775年在马萨诸塞的来克星顿爆发战争时候志愿从戎,他作战英勇,屡负重伤,官至少将。因为残疾调往费城,却为挪用钱财而破坏州法和军规。1779年他向英国方面出卖美军情报。1781年率兵对康涅狄格的新伦敦进行袭击。阿诺德被乔治·华盛顿缺席判处死刑。其名字成为“叛徒”的美式代名词。

[49]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[50]郭小凌著.西方史学史.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995

[51]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[52]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[53]王旭.美国城市史.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000

[54]James M.Lindgren,A Spirit That Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[55] 朱世达.当代美国文化.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001

[56]朱世达.当代美国文化.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001

[57]这是对Penn Central Transportation Company.V.City of New York.Penn Central一案的裁决,这一诉讼发生在对纽约中央车站的保护过程中。纽约最高法院的裁决认为,城市有权将私人财产指定为历史遗产而对私人的发展权加以限制。这一裁决意义重大,成为之后一系列保护法规的基础,后文另有详述。

[58]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[59] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[60] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[61]Keeping Time一书中,威廉·穆塔夫认为该建筑建于1676至1681年间

[62]保罗·瑞威尔原是波士顿的一名银器工匠,美国独立战争中因成功地传递了英军突袭的消息,挽救战局而成为英雄

[63]James M.Lindgren,A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[64]朱世达.当代美国文化.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001

[65]Jukka Jokilehto.A History of Architectural Conservation.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1999

[66] Jukka Jokilehto.A History of Architectural Conservation.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1999

[67] Jukka Jokilehto.A History of Architectural Conservation.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1999

[68]William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in Ameri-ca.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[69]William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[70] William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[71] William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[72]William J.Murtagh.Keeping Time:The History and Theory of Preservation in Ameri-ca.Pittstown,N.J.:Main Street Press,1988

[73]查尔斯·诺顿(Charles Eliot Norton),美国著名的文艺评论家、艺术史学家。他开创了哈佛大学的艺术史课程。至今哈佛大学还有一个以他的名字命名的人文学术讲座系列———诺顿讲座,许多国际大师都曾担任授课人。诺顿延续了德国艺术史研究的主要观点,代表了一种具有高贵文化教养的欧洲艺术史传统。19世纪中期诺顿在欧洲度过了一段相当长的时间,深受欧洲文化传统的浸染与熏陶。诺顿还同拉斯金保持着长期的书信交往。拉斯金强烈地反对在当时非常流行的“为艺术而艺术”的观念。认为艺术反映一个时代社会文化精英的伦理价值和社会关怀。这些观点对诺顿也有所影响。

[74]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Ma-son ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[75]James M.Lindgren.A Spirit that Fires the Imagination.In:Max Page,Randall Mason ed.Giving Preservation a History,Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States.New York:Routledge,2004

[76]Jukka Jokilehto.A History of Architectural Conservation.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1999

[77]惠提埃(John Greenleaf Whittier,1807—1892),美国19世纪著名诗人,以新英格兰人的劳动和生活为题材,发表了许多诗集,如《新英格兰的传说》、《自由的声音》、《劳工之歌》等,他的长诗《大雪封门》(1866)被评论家誉为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”

[78]朗费罗(Longfellow),美国19世纪著名诗人、教育家和语言学家。1807年2月生于波特兰,1882年3月在马萨诸塞州剑桥去世。

[79]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[80]用来加固外墙或屋顶的木板条,20世纪之前多在美国木构建筑中使用。参见Ward Bucher.Dictionary of Building Preservation.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1996

[81]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[82]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[83]②③ Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preserva-tion Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[84] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[85] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[86]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[87]James M.Lindgren.A Constant Incentive to Patriotic Citizenship:Historic Preserva-tion in Progressive-Era Massachusetts.New England Quarterly,1991,64(12)

[88]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[89]Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

[90] Charles Bridgham Hosmer,Jr.Presence of the Past,A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg.New York:Putnam,1965

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