锌分布特征及与葡萄品质的关系

张宣葡萄产区土壤铜、锌分布特征及与葡萄品质的关系

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COPPER,ZINC AND QUALITY

OF GRAPE PRODUCING AREA ZHANGXUAN

作者：耿　慧　　导师：刘树庆　谢建治

河北农业大学　　土壤学2011届硕士

摘　要

张宣地区是河北省重要的葡萄产区，处于世界葡萄栽植黄金地带。原产地特定的地理环境(如气候环境、土壤条件、地质情况)决定了葡萄品种质量和品质。葡萄产业是张家口的优势产业，现已初步形成产工贸一体化、产加销一条龙的产业化格局，具备较好的产业基础，为张宣地区带来了巨大的经济效益。

本研究通过数理统计方法和地统计学方法对张家口宣化、涿鹿、怀来三县土壤铜、锌分布规律及空间变异性进行了分析研究；同时运用单因子指数法、综合指数法分别对宣化、涿鹿、怀来三县果品产区的土壤铜、锌环境质量进行评价；运用相关分析法对铜、锌与葡萄果品品质关系进行了相关性研究，主要结果如下：

1.　土壤全量铜、锌分布规律

张家口葡萄产区土壤表层中铜、锌含量均较为丰富，除怀来县土壤锌含量较低外，该区域铜、锌平均含量均高于河北省表层土壤平均值。其中，锌含量为宣化县>涿鹿县>怀来县。在三层土壤总体比较中，宣化葡萄产区土壤铜、锌含量水平高于怀涿葡萄产区。在垂直分布上，土壤中铜、锌含量呈现出表层土壤铜、锌含量高于中层和深层的特征。三层土壤中铜、锌的变异系数均大于10%，属于中等变异。

2.　土壤表层铜、锌空间变异性

(1)通过直方图的分析可知张宣葡萄产区表层土壤全量铜、锌均符合正态分布；通过半方差检验确定铜、锌的最优半方差数学模型分别为高斯模型和球状模型；铜、锌元素的块金值在大于25%～75%范围内，具有中等的空间相关性。

(2)运用空间克里格插值法和累频分级法对铜、锌元素空间分布制作克里格插值图，在土壤铜、锌空间变异图中可以看出：土壤铜和锌元素总体趋势为西高东低，宣化县土壤铜、锌元素含量最高，涿鹿县的含量高于怀来县，其中在怀来县的小南辛堡镇和东花园镇铜、锌元素的含量相对较低。

3.　土壤铜、锌元素环境质量评价

怀来、涿鹿、宣化三县葡萄采样区土壤中铜、锌的单因子污染指数均小于1，未达到污染的水平。从综合污染指数可以看出，三县的综合污染指数均未达到0.7，未受到铜、锌重金属污染，土壤铜、锌污染水平为清洁。

4.　土壤铜、锌与土壤理化性质的相关性

土壤铜、锌与其他土壤元素相关性分析表明，铜、锌与二氧化硅、三氧化二铝、氧化钙、三氧化二铁、氧化钾、磷、氮、氯、硫、碘、氧化镁、锰元素均存在相关关系。土壤pH与土壤铜、锌元素呈负显著相关，有机质对土壤铜、锌元素的含量有密切影响，相关分析呈极显著相关。

5.　铜、锌与果品品质关系

该地区葡萄果品中的铜、锌含量平均值低于国家规定的水果铜、锌标准； 果品中的铜、锌含量表明葡萄对土壤铜吸收表现为中等摄取，对锌的吸收表现为微弱摄取；土壤中全量铜、锌对葡萄品质的影响与土层深度的变化有一定的关系；土壤铜、锌与酿酒葡萄品质有显著相关性，而与鲜食葡萄相关性较少。

关键词　张宣葡萄产区　铜元素　锌元素　地统计分析　评价

Abstract

Zhangxuan is the main grape growing areas in Hebei province，it located in the golden area．Grape quality was determined by the geographical environment of origin country such as climate,soil and geological conditions．Wine industry is the competitive industry of Zhangjiakou city． Now it had already formed the trade integration and production—marketing patterns，it dad a good industrial base，and bring huge economic benefits for Xuanhua district．

Through the method of mathematical statistics and geostatistics，this paper studied the distribution of Cu and Zn in Xuanhua，Zhuolu，and Huailai and their spatial variability．Using methods of single factor index and comprehensive index．the research evaluated the environmental quality of soil Cu and Zn in fruit．producing areas．Using correlation analysis，the study revealed the relationship between Cu，Zn and grape quality．The results as follow：

1．　Distribution of total soil Cu and Zn

In Zhangiiakou,content of Cu and Zn were rich,except content of Zn was low in Huailai country,average content of Cu and Zn was greater than average in top soil．The order of Zinc content：Xuanhua>Zhuolu>Huailai．Compare three layers,content of Cu and Zn in Xuanhua was greater than Huailai and Zhuolu．Vertical distribution of Cu and Zn content， two elements in top were greater than middle and deep，their coefficient of variation were greater than 10%．belonged to moderate variation．

2．　Spatial variability of Cu and Zn in top soil

(1)Histogram displayed that distribution of total soil Cu and Zn in Xuanhua country accord to normally distributed．Through method of semi-variance test determined the optimal semi-variance model of Cu and Zn were Gaussian model and Spherical model． Their Nugget were from 25%to 75%．and had middle spatial correlation．

(2)Using Kriging space interpolation and cumulative frequency of grading to make the Kriging map and spatial variation diagram，it indicated that the general trend of Cu and Zn in soil was decreased from west to east，content in Xuanhua was the richest，that of Zhuolu was greater than Huailai．Zn and Cu content in Xiaonanxinbao town and East garden town were low relatively．

3．　Environmental quality assessment of Soil Cu and Zn

Cu and Zn single-factor pollution index of Huailai，Zhuolu and Xuanhua grape sampling area were all smaller than 1,it did not meet the pollution level．Comprehensive pollution index showed it in the three counties were all smaller than 0.7,the counties were not polluted by Cu and Zn．

4．　Soil Cu and Zn associated with the soil physicochemical characterization

Analysis of soil Cu and Zn and the other soil elements indicated that Cu,Zn had correlated with SiO₂，A1₂O₃，CaO，Fe₂O₃，K₂O，E N，CI，S，l MgO，Mn．Soil pH had negative correlation between soil Cu and Zn. Organic matter was closely related to Cu and Zn，the correlation was significant．Deep soil Zn had a significant correlation with Organic matter,and had no significant correlation with soil particle size．

5．　Relationship between soil Cu,Zn and grape quality

In this grape production area,Cu and Zn content of grape was lower than that of national fruit standard．Cu and Zn content in the fruit showed that Tape exhibited moderate intake of Cu in soil and weak uptake of Zn．Total soil Cu and Zn had relationships with grape quality and soil deep．Soil Cu and Zn had a significant correlation with the wine grape，but had no relationship with table grape．

Key words　Zhangxuan grape production area　Copper　Zinc　Geo-statistics Evaluation