对国际体育仲裁院的调解和咨询活动的评价

三、对国际体育仲裁院的调解和咨询活动的评价

尽管调解方法解决了很多国内外的体育争议，但其却不能解决所有类型的体育争议。如果某个体育争议的解决是想为后面的类似争议提供一个示范模式，或者是想给其他的体育运动当事人提供警戒作用，利用调解方法加以解决就不太合适，主要的原因在于调解是秘密进行的，而且最终的结果通常都不会公开。而且，如果双方当事人都不愿意通过调解或者非诉讼的方式解决争议的话，调解解决这些体育争议也不合适，因为调解的最终基础是自愿，调解程序是不具有约束力的，并且最终的调解结果还要当事人同意并书面签字。也许，体育运动的公开性、运动员是公众人物以及公众的知情权使得调解解决体育争议的范围受到了限制，毕竟这与完全保密的调解程序是不一致的，譬如兴奋剂争议以及体育组织的纪律处罚争议就不能适用调解，前述CAS《体育仲裁规则》对调解范围的规定就是很好的例证。

至于国际体育仲裁院的咨询意见，尽管其不具有法律上的约束力，但是由于CAS主席的插足以及国际奥委会任命的结果，可以讲其最终代表的是国际奥委会的意见，对于以后的类似争议有着示范的作用。尤其是国际单项体育联合会可以借助CAS的咨询意见修改、完善自己的内部规章，借以最终达到有关处罚规则的一致性，尤其在兴奋剂争议的处罚规则方面更是如此。相对于调解而言，CAS的咨询活动对于体育法的形成和发展所起的作用更大，毕竟其体现的更多的是法学专家的意见。

【注释】

[1]参见何兵:《现代社会的纠纷解决》，法律出版社2003年版，第3页。

[2]See Keba M'Baye.The Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，November 1983，No.193，at 761.

[3]The 86th Session Decisions，Olympic Review，Apr.1983，at203.

[4]See Matthieu Reeb.The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.InW.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's 750th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at 234.

[5]See The Birth of the CAS.Olympic Review，January 1985，No.207，at21.

[6]See Matthieu Reeb.The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.InW.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's 750th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at 236.

[7]See Keba M'Baye.The Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，Nov.1983，at 762.

[8]技术规范是适用于某一特定国际体育活动比赛的专门规范。譬如根据《奥林匹克宪章》第50条，由适当的国际单项体育联合会任命的评判委员会解决各自由其负责的体育运动所产生的诸如记录或取消参赛资格之类的技术性争议。这些评判委员会的裁决是终局的。See An thony T.Polvino.Arbitration as Preventative Medicine for Olympic Ailments:The International Olympic Committee's Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Future for the Settlement of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，359（1994）.

[9]See Keba M'Baye.The Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，November 1983，No.193，at 762-763.

[10]See Reports of the Commission.Olympic Review，Nov.-Dec.1986，at656.

[11]See Court of Arbitration for Sport:A Legal Milestone.Olympic Review，March 1987，at 96.

[12]See The New IOC Members.Olympic Review，Sept.-Oct.1989，at447.

[13]See Activities of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，Aug.1991，at 407.

[14]See Keba M'Baye.Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，September 1992，No.299，at 444-445.

[15]See Activities of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，Aug.1991，No.286，at407.

[16]See Excerpt of the Judgment of March 15，2001，delivered by the 1st Civil Division of the Swiss Federal Tribunal in the case G.versus Fédération Equestre International and Court of Arbitration for Sport（CAS）（public law appeal）（translation），ibid.，pp.561-575.

[17]See G Schwaar.Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，July-August1993，No.309-310，at305.

[18]See Matthieu Reeb.The Role of theCourt of Arbitration for Sport.In W.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's750th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at 234.

[19]参见［西］萨马兰奇:《奥林匹克回忆》，孟宪臣译，世界知识出版社2003年版，第93页。

[20]Matthieu Reeb.The Courtof Arbitration for Sport.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/ histoire/frmhist.htm，2006-11-01.

[21]The Paris Convention.Olympic Review，July-August1994，No.320，at283-284.

[22]See Anthony T.Polvino.Arbitration as Preventative Medicine for Olympic Ailments: The International Olympic Committee's Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Future for the Settlement of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，375（1994）.

[23]See Matthieu Reeb.The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.In W.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's750th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at 235.

[24]See G.Schwaar.Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，July-August 1993，No.309-310，at305-306.

[25]See James A.R.Nafziger.The Court of Arbitration for Sport and the General Process of International Sports Law.In W.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's750th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at240.

[26]Appointment of Twenty Members of ICAS.Olympic Review，December 1994，No.326，at 567.

[27]See Presentation:What Kinds of Dispute Can Be Submitted to the CAS?http:// www.tas-cas.org/en/code/frmco.htm，2006-10-25.

[28]参见《调解员作些什么?——何振梁答记者问》，载http://sports.sina.com.cn/others/9908/272433.shtml，2003-11-20。

[29]See Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515，520（Fall 2001）.

[30]The 106th IOC Session:Amendments to the“Olympic Charter”.Olympic Review，October-November 1997，No.17，at19.

[31]See Jean-Philippe Rochat.CAS at the Olympic Games.Olympic Review，October-November 1997.No.17，at 77-78.

[32]See Matthieu Reeb.TheCourt of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，April-May 1998，No.20，at 51-52.

[33]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 43.

[34]Art.11，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney.

[35]Art.19，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney.

[36]参见［西］萨马兰奇:《奥林匹克回忆》，孟宪臣译，世界知识出版社2003年版，第232页。

[37]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 8-9.

[38]See Richard H.McLaren.The Court of Arbitration for Sport:An Independent Arena for theWorld'sSports Disputes.35 Val.U.L.Rev.379（Spring 2001）.

[39]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at17.

[40]See Highlights of the Week.http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_ news/week_uk.asp?weekDate=11/27/2000，2003-10-06.

[41]See Lamine Diack Becomes First President of the International Association ofAthletics Federations，Wednesday1August 2001.http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=512/newsId= 12955.html，2003-09-26.

[42]IAAF Constitution，http://www.iaaf.org/newsfiles/9585.pdf，2003-09-26.

[43]See FIFPro Deputees for the List of CAS/TAS Arbitrators.http://www.fifpro.org/index.php?mod=plink＆id=2556，2003-10-04.

[44]FIFAMedia Releases，12/12/02.Court of Arbitration for Sport（CAS）to Settle Football-related Legal Disputes.http://www.fifa.com/en/display/mrel，68890.html，2003-09-27.

[45]See Richard H.McLaren.The Court of Arbitration for Sport:An Independent Arena for theWorld'sSports Disputes.35Val.U.L.Rev.379，383-384（Spring 2001）.

[46]See Anthony T.Polvino.Arbitration as PreventativeMedicine for Olympic Ailments: The International Olympic Committee'sCourt of Arbitration for Sport and the Future for theSettlement of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，361-362（1994）.

[47]See Statistics of CAS.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/guide/frmgui.htm，2006-10-09.

[48]See James A.R.Nafziger.The Court of Arbitration for Sport and the General Process of International Sports Law.InW.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's750th Anniversary.Hague:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at240.

[49]See Matthieu Reeb.The Court of Arbitration for Sport.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/membres/frmmemb.htm，2003-10-01.

[50]参见宋连斌:《国际商事仲裁管辖权研究》，法律出版社2000年版，第59页以下。

[51]Stephan A.Kaufman.Issues in International Sports Arbitration.13 Boston U.Int'l L.J.527，536（1995）.

[52]See Matthieu Reeb.Intervention by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Rev.，Dec.-Jan.1997-1998，at81.

[53]David B.Mack.Reynolds v.International Amateur Athletic Federation:The Need for an Independent Tribunal in International Athletic Disputes.10 Conn.J.Int'l L.653，688（1995）.

[54]See James A.R.Nafziger.Resolving Disputes over Financial Managements of Athletics:English and American Experiences.3 Vill.Sports＆Ent.L.J.413，415（1996）.

[55]See R.Jake Locklear.Arbitration in Olympic Disputes:Should Arbitrators Review the Field of Play Decisions of Officials?4 Tex.Rev.Ent.＆Sports L.199，205（Spring 2003）.

[56]See Who Can Refer a Case to CAS?http://www.tas-cas.org/en/guide/frmgui.htm，2006-10-9.

[57]Jean-Philippe Rochat.The CAS at the Olympic Games.Olympic Review，Oct.-Nov.1997，at 77.See also Olympic Charter，art.74，http://www.Olympic.org/uk/ organisation/missions/charter_uk.asp，2002-08-20.

[58]See Richard C.Reuben.And theWinner Is……Arbitration to Resolve Disputes as They Arise at Olympics.A.B.A.J.，Apr.1996，at 20.

[59]See Richard Mclaren.A New Order:Athletes'Rights and the Court of Arbitration at the Olympic Games.6 Olympika 1，5（1998）.

[60]目前国际田联已经接受了国际体育仲裁院的仲裁管辖。所有的奥林匹克国际单项体育联合会都接受了国际体育仲裁院的管辖权，类似的管辖问题的争议在以后的奥运会期间不会再发生了。

[61]See Dieter Baumann v.IOC，National Olympic Committee of Germany and IAAF，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.S.Sydney 2000/006），award of 22 September，2000，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.CAS Awards!Sydney（2000）.ICAS，2000，at65-80.需要注意的是，尽管国际田联已对该运动员实行了禁赛处罚，但是他却在德国法兰克福州高级法院提起诉讼并得到了可以参加比赛的判决。他随后参加了包括德国室内田径锦标赛在内的一系列比赛。国际田联的反应是适用第53.1条规范来处罚与Baumann同场竞技的运动员。该条规定任何运动员如果与其已经知道的不具有参赛资格的其他运动员同场竞技，该运动员也不具有参赛资格。当时该规范适用的是8名运动员。Press Release，IAAF Statement in the Baumann Case（Feb.26，2001），http://www.iaaf.org/ News/Press Release/getnews.asp?Code=3218，2001-08-01.

[62]See Mihaela Melinte v.IAAF，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.S.Sydney 2000/015），award of 29 September，2000，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.CAS Awards-Sydney（2000）.ICAS，2000，at 145.

[63]See Mihaela Melinte v.IAAF，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.S.Sydney 2000/015），ibid.at 145.

[64]事情经过如下:在本届奥运会竞走比赛中，该运动员率先到达终点，但事先并未有人告诉他因途中违规而已被取消继续比赛的资格，他以胜利者的姿态绕场一周，直到回到更衣室时，才被告知已被取消资格。这是墨西哥体育界有史以来最大的一桩丑闻。参见［西］萨马兰奇:《奥林匹克回忆》，孟宪臣译，世界知识出版社2003年版，第238页。

[65]See Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515，528（Fall 2001）.

[66]See Steele v.CIO（Nagano Winter Olympic Games，1998）（unpublished decision）.

[67]Art.1，Rules for the Resolution of Disputes Arising during the XVIIIOlympicWinter Games in Nagano;Art.1，Arbitration Rules for the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney;Art.1，Arbitration Rules for the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City.

[68]See Gaia Bassani-Antivari v.IOC，CAS OG02/003，paras4.5 and 4.6;Troy Billington v.FIBT，CAS OG02/005，paras 34 and 35.

[69]See Gaia Bassani-Antivari v.IOC，CAS OG02/003，para 4.9.

[70]Schaatsefabriek Viking B.V v.German Speed-Skating Association（Viking），NaganoWinter Olympic Games，1998.See Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515，524（Fall 2001）.

[71]See Richard Mclaren.A New Order:Athletes'Rights and the Court of Arbitration at the Olympic Games.6 Olympika 1，4（1998）.

[72]See CAS:Guide to Arbitration.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/code/frmco.htm，2002-06-01.

[73]See Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht v.UEFA，arbitration CAS 98/185，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ（1998-2000）.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2002，at 471，para.1.

[74]See Matthieu Reeb.Intervention by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Rev.，Dec.-Jan.1997-1998，at 81.

[75]CAS Press Release，Case IAAF/USATF release of 26.09.03，http://www.tas-cas.org/en/membres/frmmemb.htm，2003-10-01.

[76]See James A.R.Nafziger.International Sports Law as a Process for Resolving Disputes.45 Int'l＆Comp'L.Q.130，144（1996）.

[77]See Jan Paulsson.Arbitration of International Sports Disputes.9 Arb.Int'l359，360（1993）.

[78]See Anthony T.Polvino.Arbitration as Preventative Medicine for Olympic Ailments: The International Olympic Committee'sCourt of Arbitration for Sport and the Future of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，375（Spring 1994）.

[79]See Jan Paulsson.Arbitration of International Sports Disputes.9 Arb.Int'l359，361（1993）.

[80]See Stephan A.Kaufman.Issues in International Sports Arbitration.13 Boston U.Int'l L.J.527，545（1995）.

[81]See Anthony T.Polvino.Arbitration as Preventative Medicine for Olympic Ailments: The International Olympic Committee's Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Future of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，377（Spring 1994）.

[82]See Guide to Arbitration:Award.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/code/frmco.htm，2002-06-06.

[83]参见《关于承认与执行外国仲裁裁决的纽约公约》第5条第2款:“被请求承认和执行仲裁裁决的国家的主管机关如果查明有下列情况，也可以拒绝承认和执行:（1）争执的事项，依据这个国家的法律，不可以用仲裁方法解决;或者（2）承认或执行该项裁决将和这个国家的公共政策相抵触。”

[84]See Urvasi Naidoo ＆ Neil Sarin.Dispute Resolution at Games Time.12 FordhamIntell.Prop.Media＆Ent.L.J.489，504（Winter 2002）.

[85]参见韩德培主编:《国际私法》，高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社2000年版，第547页。

[86]参见李双元、温世扬主编:《比较民法学》，武汉大学出版社1998年版，第693页。

[87]See Urvasi Naidoo ＆ Neil Sarin.Dispute Resolution at Games Time.12 Fordham Intell.Prop.Media ＆ Ent.L.J.489，504（Winter 2002）.

[88]See Melison R.Bitting.Mandatory，Binding Arbitration for Olympic Athletes:Is the Process Better or Worse for“Job Security”?25 Fla.St.U.L.Rev.674（1998），http:// www.law.fsu.edu/lawreview/frames/253/bitterfram.html，2002-06-06.

[89]See，e.g.，Generica Ltd.v.Pharmaceutical Basics，Inc.，125 F.3d 1123，1129（7th Cir.1997）.

[90]See，e.g.，Generica Ltd.v.Pharmaceutical Basics，Inc.，125 F.3d 1123，1130（7th Cir.1997）.

[91]See Urvasi Naidoo ＆ Neil Sarin.Dispute Resolution at Games Time.12 Fordham Intell.Prop.Media ＆ Ent.L.J.489，506（Winter 2002）.

[92]See Dean v.Sullivan，118 F.3d 1170，1173（7th Cir.1997）.

[93]See Union Royale Belge des Societes de Football Ass'n v.Bosman，1995 E.C.R.I-4921;Case C-51/96，Deliege v.Ligue Francophone de Judo et Disciplines Associees，2000 E.C.R.I-2549.

[94]See Union Royale Belge des Societes de Football Ass'n v.Bosman，1995 E.C.R.I-4921.

[95]M.v.AIBA，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Atlanta）96/006，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA，1998，at 414-415，paras.5-12.

[96]Art.R27，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（Edition 2004）.

[97]See What Kinds of Dispute Can Be Submitted to the CAS.http://www.tas-cas.org/en/guide/frmgui.htm，2006-10-09.

[98]See M.v.AIBA，CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Atlanta）96/006，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA，1998，at 413.

[99]See Rumyana Dimitrova Neykova v.FISA and IOC，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）012，award of 29 September，2000，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.CAS Awards-Sydney（2000），Lausanne:TAS/CAS publication，2000，at123.

[100]See Bernardo Segura v.IAAF，CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）013，ibid.at131.

[101]See Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.，Inc.and USOC，24 August2000，2000 U.S.Aat LEXIS 21754;Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.，Inc.and USOC，25 August 2000，2000 U.S.Aat LEXIS 22213;Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.，Inc.and USO Cand Sieracki，1 September 2000，2000 U.S.Aat LEXIS 22692.

[102]See Sierackiv.IOC，CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）007，award of21 September，2000，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.CAS Awards!Sydney（2000）.ICAS，2000，at 82，para.9.

[103]See James A.R.Nafziger.The Court of Arbitration for Sport and the General Processof International SportsLaw.In W.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's750 th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，at242-243.

[104]Matthieu Reeb指出，到1998年初，提交国际体育仲裁院普通仲裁分院解决的争议数量一直在增加，但仍然还没有达到上诉仲裁分院仲裁案件的数量。这也许是因为当事人直到最近才习惯于在其合同中纳入国际体育仲裁院仲裁条款，但这也是因为人们认为国际体育仲裁院就是一个目的在于解决纪律性争议的机构，可是事实并非如此。See Matthieu Reeb.Intervention by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review，Dec.-Jan.1997-1998，at 81.

[105]See Matthieu Reeb.Court of Arbitration for Sport.In Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA，1998，at XXIX.

[106]See AAA Establishes National Sports Panel.Dispute Resolution J.，May-July 2001，at 4.

[107]See Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515，539（Fall 2001）.

[108]See James A.R.Nafziger.Resolving Disputes over Financial Managements of Athletics:English and American Experiences.3 Vill.Sports＆Ent.L.J.413，416（1996）.

[109]See Dacid B.Mack.Reynolds v.IAAF:The Need for an Independent Tribunal in International Athletic Disputes.10 Conn.J.Int'l.L.653，687（1995）.

[110]Anonymous，The 86th Session Decisions，Olympic Rev.，April1983，No.186，at 203.

[111]参见国际体育仲裁院成立之初适用的仲裁规范。See James A.R.Nafziger.International Sports Law.NewYork:Transnational Publishes，Inc.，1989，Appendix.

[112]See Keba M'Baye.The Court of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Rev.，November 1983，No.193，at 761-763.

[113]See Table 1，CAS Statistics，http://www.tas-cas.org/en/juris/frmjur.htm，2006-10-10.

[114]Arts.R27 to 37，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[115]Art.R38，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[116]Art.R31，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[117]Art.R39，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[118]Art.R32，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[119]Art.R37，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[120]Art.R37，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[121]Art.R40.1，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[122]Art.R40.2，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[123]Art.R40.3，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[124]Art.R41.1，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[125]Art.R41.2，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[126]Art.R41.3，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[127]Art.R41.4，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[128]Art.R41.4，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[129]Art.R42，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[130]Art.R44，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[131]Art.R44.2，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[132]Art.R44.3，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[133]Art.R46，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[134]Art.R43，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[135]Art.R47，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[136]Art.R49，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[137]中止执行被上诉的裁决并不会自动导致产生上诉说明书，除非被上诉人的有关规章或者条例作了这样的规定。分院院长可以应当事人的申请停止执行有关裁决，除非国际体育仲裁院很明显没有管辖权。Art.R52，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[138]Art.R48，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[139]Art.R51，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[140]Art.R55，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[141]Art.R56，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[142]Art.R50，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[143]Art.R54，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[144]Art.R53，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[145]Art.R54，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[146]Art.R57，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[147]Art.R58，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[148]Art.R59，Code of Sports-related Arbitration（edition 2004）.

[149]Art.1，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[150]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 43.

[151]Art.10，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[152]Arts.11-13，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[153]Art.14，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[154]Art.15，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[155]Art.16，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[156]Art.17，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[157]See R.v.IOC，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Nagano 1998）002，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA，1998，at 419-425.该争议仲裁过程如下:R在滑雪项目中获得了金牌，但随后因为查出服用了大麻而被剥夺了金牌。他辩解道是因为被动呼入其朋友吸食的大麻而呈阳性的。需要指出的是，一方面国际滑联的规范规定允许运动员体内含有较小部分的大麻，而另一方面国际奥委会完全禁止使用大麻。最后仲裁庭裁定，国际奥委会没有收回其金牌的权力。

[158]Art.18，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[159]Art.20，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[160]See COAand Beckie Scott v.IOC，TAS 2002/O/373，paras.1-7.

[161]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 30.

[162]Arts.9-19，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[163]即在悉尼奥运会上国际体育仲裁院特别仲裁分院仲裁的关于Perez的三个裁决，它们分别是USOC and USA Canoe/Kayak v.IOC（Perez 1）、Angel Perez v.IOC（Perez 2）以及关于Angel Perez争议的案由［Perez 3，即Arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）009，in the matter Angel Perez，award of25 September，2000］。

[164]Arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）009，in the matter Angel Perez，award of 25 September，2000，para.7.d.

[165]See ibid.para.8.

[166]Art.15（b），CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[167]Art.15（c），CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[168]第9条专门规定在电话通知之后必须立即进行书面形式的确认，并且规定在没有书面形式确认的情况下，不过如果被通知人实际上知道了参加仲裁这件事，该通知的形式也是有效的。在实践中，通知都是书面的，通常是通过传真或者专人送达，随后以电话的形式确认通知的接受。

[169]ATF 119 II386，117 II346-348.

[170]See ASA Bulletin（1998）at 118，（1992）at 381，and（2000）at 764.

[171]Art.15，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[172]See CAS ad hoc Division award Korneev，Gouliev and Russian NOCv.IOC，4 August 1996，unreported.

[173]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 36-39.

[174]参见韩德培主编:《国际私法》，高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社2000年版，第130～131页。

[175]See COAand Beckie Scott v.IOC，TAS 2002/O/373，paras.45-46.

[176]参见韩健:《现代国际商事仲裁法的理论与实践》，法律出版社2000年版，第276页。

[177]See e.g.A.Bucher/P.-Y.Tschanz.International Arbitration in Switzerland.Basle and Frankfurt on the Main，1988，at95-128.

[178]《瑞士联邦国际私法》第19条规定:“（1）依瑞士法律观念为合理且明显占优势的利益要求考虑本法所指定的法律以外的另一法律的强制性规定时，如果所涉及的情况与该另一法律有密切的联系，得考虑其强制性规定。（2）为决定前款所称的外国法的强制性规定是否应予考虑，应考虑其所要达到的目的及其适用对于作出依瑞士法律观念为适当的判决所可能产生的后果。”参见陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》，法律出版社1998年版，第268页。

[179]参见陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》，法律出版社1998年版，第56页。

[180]See AEK Athens and SK Slavia Prague v.UEFA，arbitration CAS98/200，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ（1998-2000）.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，at 47，para.10.

[181]See Celtic Plc v.UEFA，arbitration CAS 98/201，ibid.at111，para.4.

[182]参见陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》，法律出版社1998年版，第318页。

[183]See IAAF v.Confederación Argentina de Atletismo ＆ Ms Solange Witteveen，arbitration CAS 2002/A/417，para.77.

[184]Art.15，IAAF Constitution，http://www.iaaf.org/downloads/IAAFhandbook/index.html，2003-12-10.

[185]See B.v.IJF，Aarbitration CAS 98/214，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ（1998-2000）.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，at315，para.6; B.v.IJF，Arbitration CAS 99/A/230，ibid.at 373，para.5.

[186]Art.17，CAS Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games（2003）.

[187]Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at theOlympics:Issuesof fast-track disputes resolution and sports law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at100.

[188]See Michael J.Beloff，Timkerr，＆Marie Demerriou.Sports Law.Orford-Protland Oregon:Hart Publishing，1999，at262.

[189]从国际法的角度来说，一般法律原则指的是各国法律体系中所包含的共同的原则。在国际体育运动领域内，它不但指公法上的一些原则，也包含私法以及程序法的某些共同适用的原则。

[190]See Michael J.Beloff，Timkerr，＆Marie Demerriou.Sports Law.Orford!Protland Oregon:Hart Publishing，1999，at9.

[191]See Michael J.Beloff，Drugs，Laws and Versapaks，in John O'Leary（ed.）.Drugs and Doping in Sport:Social-Legal Perspectives.London:Cavendishing Publishing Limited，2001，at 56.

[192]See M.v.AIBA，arbitration CAS ad hoc division（O.G.Atlanta 1996）006，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Berne:Editions Stēmpfli SA，1998，at 414-415，paras.9-11.

[193]See Michael J.Beloff，Timkerr，＆Marie Demerriou.Sports Law.Orford-Protland Oregon:Hart Publishing，1999，at9-12.

[194]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issuesof fast-track disputes resolution and sports law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 100.

[195]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler，ibid.at100-101.

[196]See COC et Jesus Kibunde c/AIBA，arbitrage Chambre ad hoc du TAS（J.O.Sydney 2000）004，sentence rendue le 18 septembre，2000，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.CAS Decisions-Sydney（2000）.Lausanne，ICAS，2000，at 48-49，para.11;NWBA v.IPC，arbitration CAS 95/122，in Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA，1998，at184，para.36.

[197]See NZOC v.SLOC，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（OGSalt Lake City）02/ 006，para.4.9.

[198]See COC et Jesus Kibunde c/AIBA，arbitrage Chambre ad hoc du TAS（J.O.Sydney 2000）004，para.11.

[199]See Angel Perez v.IOC，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000） 005，para.10.

[200]USOC and USACanoe/Kayak v.IOC，arbitration CAS ad hoc Division（O.G.Sydney 2000）001，paras.16-24.

[201]参见韩德培主编:《国际私法》，高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社2000年版，第137页。

[202]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 29-30.

[203]参见赵秀文:《国际商事仲裁及其适用法律研究》，北京大学出版社2002年版，第92页。

[204]参见肖永平:《国际私法原理》，法律出版社2003年版，第463页。

[205]参见赵秀文:《国际商事仲裁及其适用法律研究》，北京大学出版社2002年版，第96页。

[206]（1997）Bulletin ASA，at316/329-330.

[207]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2001，at 102-103.

[208]See Edward H.Jurith（etc.）.Regulations Governing Drugs and Performance Enhancers in Sports.12 Fordham Intell.Prop.Media ＆ Ent.L.J.337，379（Winter 2002）.

[209]See Netzle Ian Blackshaw（ed.）.Examination of Witnesses and Experts in CAS Hearings，Which Rules Apply to the Examination of Witnesses and Experts in a CAS Hearing? The Court of Arbitration for Sport 1984-2004.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，2006，at 210.

[210]See Arbitratiion CAS ad hoc Division（OWG Salt Lake City 2002）004，COA v.IOC，award of 14 February 2002.

[211]参见瑞士《关于国际私法的联邦法》第190条第2款，转引自陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》，法律出版社1998年版，第319页。

[212]See Matthieu Reeb.The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.In W.AT Heere（ed.）.IL and the Hague's 750 th Anniversary.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，1999，at 237.

[213]See James A.R.Nafziger.International Sports Law as a Process for Resolving Disputes.45 Int'l ＆ Comp'L.Q.130，144（1996）.

[214]See Anthony T.Polvino.Arbitration as Preventative Medicine for Olympic Ailments: The International Olympic Committee's Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Future for the Settlement of International Sporting Disputes.8 Emory Int'l L.Rev.347，375（1994）.

[215]See Edward J.Costello，Jr..Controlling Conflict:Alternative Dispute Resolution for Business.Chicago:CCH，Inc.，1996，at 95.

[216]See Edward J.Costello，ibid.at87.

[217]See Charles Pelkey.Astaná-Würth Now Out of Tour.http://www.velonews.com/tour2006/details/articles/10186.0.html，2006-11-20.

[218]See USA Today，Background:Jerome Young case，http://www.usatoday.com/ sports/olympics/summer/track/2004-06-29-young-background_x.htm，2006-11-26.

[219]See Richard W.Pound.Inside the Olympic Games:a Behind-the-scenes Look at the Politics，the Scandals，and the Glory of the Games.Canada:John Wiley＆Sons Canada Ltd.，2004，at 35.

[220]See Mary K.Fitz Gerald.The Court of Arbitration for Sport:Doping and Due Process During the Olympics.7 Sports Law.J.213，238（Spring 2000）.

[221]譬如国际冰球联合会章程指出，对于其内部争议首先适用调解的方法加以解决;如果调解不成功，则根据第45条规定由国际体育仲裁院进行独家仲裁。

[222]See Urvasi Naidoo ＆ Neil Sarin.Dispute Resolution at Games Time.12 Fordham Intell.Prop.Media ＆ Ent.L.J.489，517（2002）.

[223]Articles 1-13，CAS Mediation Rules（1999）.

[224]该条规定，“经当事人同意，仲裁庭可以加速方式进行仲裁程序，并应为此给予适当的指示”。

[225]See Anne Abernathy v.FIL，Maria Louise Rainer＆Karl Zenker，CAS OG06/005＆007.

[226]See Urvasi Naidoo ＆ Neil Sarin.Dispute Resolution at Games Time.12 Fordham Intell.Prop.Media ＆ Ent.L.J.489，518（2002）.

[227]See 914 F.Supp.1121（D.N.J.1996）.

[228]See Christopher Newmark.Is Mediation Effective for Resolving Sports Disputes?Int'l Sports L.J.（May 2001）.

[229]See Ian S.Blackshaw.Mediating Sports Disputes:National and International Perspectives.Hague，Netherlands:T.M.C.Asser Press，2002，at63.

[230]See Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Editions Stēmpfli SA，Berne，1998，at455.

[231]See Janwillem Soek.You Don'tWin Silver-You Miss the Gold.International Sports Law Journal（2000），Issue 4，at17.

[232]See Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards（1986-1998）.Berne，Editions StēmpfliSA，1998，at 455-531.

[233]See Matthieu Reeb.The Courtof Arbitration for Sport（CAS）:An Institution for Settling Sports-Related Disputesby Arbitration.In Sports＆European Community Law（D.Panagiotopoulos ed.1998），at200.

[234]See Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ（1998-2000）.Hague，Netherlands:Kluwer Law International，2002，at698-743.

[235]See Matthieu Reeb（ed.）.Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ（1998-2000）.ibid.at 698.

[236]See Statistics，CAS website，at http://www.tas-cas.org/en/juris/frmjur.htm（last visited November 8，2006）.