句子英译综述

第一节　句子英译综述

汉译英过程中句子翻译主要包括主语的确定、谓语的选择、其他句子成分的安排以及否定的处理等。

一、主语的确定

句子英译过程中，主语的确定应遵循以下原则：符合英语的语言习惯和英美世界的文化习俗；符合英美人的思维方式和认知模式；准确突显句子的信息焦点；正确反映句中的逻辑关系。

1.热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易。

Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.（通过被动句转换原句主语）

2.希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。

It is hoped that Beijing will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.（形式主语it）

3.她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。

It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.（形式主语it）

4.下倾盆大雨了。

It is raining cats and dogs.（表示天气的it作为主语）

5.到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。

By the end of last year,contracts and agreements had been signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 small and medium sized vessels.（准确突显句子的信息焦点）

6.他的英语讲得很好。

He speaks good English.（符合句中的逻辑关系，而不可译为：His English speaks good.）

二、谓语的选择

谓语的确定一般要考虑以下六个方面：主谓保持一致、正确的时态、与主语保持正确的逻辑关系、与宾语搭配合理、适当采用系表结构作谓语以及主要动词作谓语（指汉语连动式和兼语式句子英译）。

（一）主谓保持一致

1.乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。

The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.

2.当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。

Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.

（二）正确的时态

1.他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。

His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemicals.

2.他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么时候你都不会忘记。

Once you saw,you are not to forget that face he had.

（三）与主语保持正确的逻辑关系

1.这一证书课程分在三年中学完。

This certificate course of studies will spread over three years.

2.这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。

The tour will include Beijing,Shanghai and Xi’an.

（四）与宾语搭配合理

1.从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多有关美国历史方面的知识。

We obtained much knowledge of American history from the lecture.

2.我学法语已五年了。

I have studied French for five years.

（五）适当采用系表结构作谓语

汉语原文若是名词性短语、形容词短语、数量词或介词短语作谓语，英译文中可采用系表结构作谓语。

1.你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合中学生使用。

You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable,economical and practical for high school students.

2.今天星期六，我们不知道厂里的新闻。

Today is Saturday,so we are ignorant of the news about the factory.

（六）汉语连动式和兼语式句子英译时以一个主要动词作谓语

1.市政府采取各种措施招商。

The city government takes many measures to invite investments.

2.招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来北京洽谈项目。

The delegation of inviting investments has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Beijing to hold talks on different projects.

三、其他成分的安排

（一）定语的位置

在汉语中多重定语的位置排序是：表示领属的名词、代词或短语（谁）+数量短语+动词、动词短语+形容词、形容词短语+表性质的名词，而且带“的”定语放在不带“的”定语之前。而在英语里，一般定语前置时的顺序为：限定词、形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前时，其词序为：限定词（一般指数量）、外观（美丽等）、形状（大小、高矮、肥瘦）、年龄、颜色、国籍、材料用途，另外英语中定语后置的情况也不容忽视。

1.我们已经试过各种可能的办法了。

We have tried every way possible.

2.我们要把祖国建设成社会主义的现代化强国。

We will build our motherland into a modern powerful socialist country.

3.那是中国内地出版的第一份报纸。

That was the first newspaper that had been published in inland China.

4.他是一位中国现代优秀作家。

He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer.

（二）状语的位置

汉语句子状语顺序一般为：时间、地点、方式；英语则总体为：方式、地点、时间。

1.他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。

He studies hard in the classroom every morning.

2.教授昨天又在实验室里埋头钻研了一整天。

The professor immersed himself in his research at the laboratory yesterday.

四、否定的翻译

汉译英过程中，否定成分的处理一般分为：正说反译、反说正译以及否定转移。

（一）正说反译

1.他们工作时总是互相帮助。

They never work without helping each other.

2.老张常常学习到午夜。

Old Zhang does not stop studying until midnight.

（二）反说正译

1.在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。

Before the receipt has been signed,the money must not be paid.

2.他太自私，几乎没有人喜欢他。

He is so selfish that hardly anybody likes him.

3.她抱怨名单上没有她的名字。

She complained about the omission of her name from the list.

4.他决不会说出这样的话。

He was the last person to say such things.

5.说什么我也不去。

I’ll be damned if I go.

（三）否定转移

1.如果没有太阳，什么也不能生存。

Without the sun,nothing could live.

2.物质必须运动，否则就没有做功。

Matter must move,or no work is done.

3.我们全然不了解这件事。

We know nothing about it.

4.我们认为他们不可能按时到达。

We don’t think they can arrive in time.

5.她觉得她再也不能忍受丈夫的侮辱。

She doesn’t feel that she can stand her husband’s insult any longer.