第三节 词性的转换
在汉英翻译过程中，由于两种语言在习惯表达和语法体系上的差异，在保证原文意义不变的前提下，译文常常对汉语词语的词性做必要的转换。众所周知，词性转换如果运用得当，可以使译文变得通顺流畅，更加符合译入语的表达习惯。否则，译文可能生硬艰涩，不伦不类。汉译英过程中词性的转换主要涉及名词、动词、形容词和副词等。
一、名词转换成动词
在翻译过程中，汉语名词中诸如“态度”、“特点”、“形状”、“地位”、“定义”、“印象”、“目的”等略显书面文体特征的名词，在英译时往往可转换为动词。
1.该工艺美术品厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，物美价廉。
The products of that Arts ＆ Crafts Factory are mainly featured by their fine workmanship and reasonable price.
2.他们之间的关系，一直有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
Politeness has always characterized their relationship.
3.壮观的人民大会堂给我们留下了深刻的印象。
The magnificent Great Hall of the People impressed us tremendously.
4.社会主义革命的目的是解放生产力、发展生产力。
Socialist revolution aims at liberating and developing the productive forces.
5.自然保护区的制度和管理应遵照国务院有关规定办理。
Nature reserves shall be designated and administered according to the relevant provisions of the State Councils.
6.我国科研发展的特点是理论联系实际。
The development of scientific research in our country is characterized by the combination of theory with practice.
二、形容词或副词转换成名词
有些情况下，出于语法结构或修辞表达上的需要，汉语的某些形容词或副词在英译时可转换成英语的名词。
1.小岛上的空气是这样清香，使人感到格外凉爽舒畅。
The air over the small island was so fresh and fragrant;it gave us a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.
2.房间里既安全又温暖，他们松了一口气。
The security and warmth of the room made them feel relaxed.
3.她意识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。
She realized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.
4.山村中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色中。
Everything at the village was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.
5.各个城市必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不礼貌现象。
All the cities must clean up,and banish disarray and discourtesy.
三、名词转换成副词
在汉语句子中作主语或定语的名词在很多情况下可英译为副词作状语。
1.他身体很差。
He is physically weak.
2.他们的思想工作没有组织工作做得好。
They have not done so well ideologically as organizationally.
3.官方宣布他将出席该典礼。
It was officially announced that he would attend the ceremony.
4.科学发现，水由氧气和氢气组成。
It was found scientifically that water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.
5.氧是物质世界的重要元素之一，它的化学性质很活跃。
Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world.It is very active chemically.
6.我们的教育政策是使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展。
Our education policy must enable everyone who receives the education to develop morally,intellectually and physically.
四、动词转换成形容词
汉语具有明显的“多动词”现象，其动词的使用频率大大高于英语。汉语中的某些动词，常常对应英语的形容词词组，例如abundant in（盛产）、afraid of（害怕）、aware of（知道）、confident of（确信）、ignorant of（不知道）等。
1.小湖盛产芦苇，给山村带来了巨大的经济利益。
Reed is abundant in the small lake,which brings tremendous economic benefit to the village.
2.我们不怕鬼。
We are not afraid of ghosts.
3.你们一定知道，这种电脑轻便、高效而且经久耐用。
You are well aware that this type of computer is portable,efficient and durable.
4.他们确定能够赢得下一场比赛。
They were sure that they could win the next game.
5.你要感谢他的帮助。
You should be thankful to him for his help.
6.他们不了解张先生身有残疾。
They are ignorant of Mr.Zhang’s disability.
五、动词转换成副词
汉语中表示状态、方位和方向等意义的动词往往与英语副词的语用类似，所以汉译英时往往要把这类词转换成英语副词。
1.他跑出去时忘了穿鞋子。
As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on.
2.他不愿让我进去。
He wouldn’t like to allow me in.
3.那天他不到六点就起床了。
That day he was up before six o’clock.
4.她打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
She opened the window to let fresh air in.
5.很抱歉，你打电话来的时候我出门了。
Sorry! I wasn’t in when you rang me up.
6.今晚放映什么影片？
What film will be on this evening?
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